WAVES

Waves

• Are disturbances that transfer energy from

one part to another through a medium, or in
some cases, in vacuum
• In physics, a wave is an oscillation
accompanied by a transfer of energy.
• Medium – any material that transmits waves
 Classification of Waves:

• Transverse waves

• Longitudinal waves

• Longitudinal – transversal waves

 Transverse waves
• Direction of energy transfer is perpendicular to the
direction of the motion of the particles of the
medium.
 Longitudinal waves
• Are waves in which the displacement of the
medium is in the same direction as, or the opposite
direction to, the direction of propagation of the
wave .
 Longitudinal – transversal waves
• Produced when the particles at the surface of the
medium experience circular motion.
• Surface wave, which may be in the form of ocean
surface waves.
 Mechanical and Electromagnetic
waves
• Mechanical waves – requires a medium to travel
* Longitudinal and transversal are considered
mechanical waves
• Electromagnetic waves – they do not need a
medium to transmit energy.
* It comprise the electromagnetic spectrum, which
include radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays,
visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic spectrum
 OPTICS
• Is the study of the behavior and
properties of light.
 The Speed of Light
• Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei
- Concluded that the speed of light may be
extremely fast but not infinite and that light travels
at least ten times faster than the sound
• Danish astronomer Ole Roemer
- Proposed that the value for speed of light can be
determined when the length of Earth’s orbit is
divided by 22 minutes.
• Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens
- performed the calculations
 The Nature of Light
• Isaac Newton proposed the particle theory of
light, which assert that light is composed of
particles shooting out from a source.
• James Clerk Maxwell proposed the
electromagnetic theory of light, which
suggests that light is a high frequency
electromagnetic wave propagating in space.
• Heinrich Hertz confirmed Maxwell’s theory
with his detection of electromagnetic waves
in the form of radio waves in 1887.
• Michael Faraday credited with what is known
today as the Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction.
- It states that in a closed circuit, the
electromotive force is equal to the rate of
change in magnetic flux with respect to time
elapsed.
The Behavior of Light
 Reflection
• The bouncing back of light when it hits a boundary
of another medium.
Reflection includes the following principles:
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal
lie on the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
 Refraction Interference
• The bending of light caused
by the changing of its • When two waves
speed through different
meet while
media
• The angle of refraction is traveling through
less than the angle of the same medium.
incidence. • Constructive
• Destructive