‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Signals and Systems

Lecture (1): Introduction to Signals

Eng. Ezzeldin Abdelwahab

Contents
 Definitions
 Fundamentals
 Types of Signals
 Signals Classifications

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 Signals and SystemsDefinitions

Animated plot of the first five successive partial

Fourier series

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 ‫ما هي االشارة؟‬

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 Animated plot of the first five successive partial
Fourier series

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Definition of Signals and Systems

"A signal is a source of information generally

a physical quantity which varies with respect
to time, space, temperature like any
independent variable"
"A signal is a physical quantity that varies
with time, space or any other independent
variable by which information can be
conveyed"
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 Fundamentals

1. The dependent variable

2. The independent variable
Signals are functions of independent
variables . Signals carry information.
Amplitude
x(t)

time
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Fundamentals
a. The Dependent Variable
The dependent variable can be:

1- real valued scalar quantity, x ( t )  A sin 3  t

2- a complex valued quantity, x (t )  Ae j 3t
3- or a vector (multi-channel).
 x1 (t ) 

x (t )   x 2 (t ) 
 x3 (t ) 
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Fundamentals:
a. The Dependent Variable
Example of a multi channel signal is the EEG:
electroencephalography
is a signal provides inform action about the activity of the brain.
12 lead EEG ( input)
Result 12 channel signal( output)
 E1 (t ) 
 E (t ) 
E (t )   2 
 
 
 E12 (t ) 
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Fundamentals:
b. The Independent Variable
Signals can be functions of single or multiple
independent variables.
s(t) a one dimensional signal
r(x,y) a two dimensional signal
k(x,y,z) a three dimensional signal
g(x,y,z,t) a four dimensional signal

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 Fundamentals:
b. The Independent Variable
A speech signal is function of single independent
variable, particularly time s(t)

s(t)

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t
Fundamentals
b. The Independent Variable
An Image signal is function of two independent
variables m(x,y)
y
y
m(x,y)

pixel

X
X
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 Fundamentals
b. The Independent Variable

TV (mono‫ ) أ=حاديا==للون‬signal is function of three

independent variables n (x,y,t)
t

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Fundamentals
b. The Independent Variable  m R ( x, y ) 
A colored Image signal is function of m ( x , y )   mG ( x , y ) 
two independent variables m(x,y) in  m B ( x , y ) 
three channels
y
y
m(x,y)

pixel

X
X
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 Fundamentals
b. The Independent Variable

Three dimensional signal: Coloured TV signal is

function of 3 independent variables for 3 colours
t

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 Fundamentals
b. The Independent Variable
Three dimensional signal: Coloured TV signal is
function of 3 independent variables for 3 colours
IR (x,y,t) - IG (x,y,t) IB (x,y,t)
Coloured TV is a 3-channel , 3-dimensional signal

 I R ( x, y, t ) 

I ( x, y , t )   I G ( x, y , t ) 

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 I B ( x , y , t ) 
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 Fundamentals:
b. The Independent Variable
Signals can be functions of single or multiple
independent variables.
1. A speech signal is function of single independent
variable, particularly time s(t)
2. An Image signal is function of two independent
variables m(x,y)
3. TV (mono‫ ) أ=حاديا==للون‬signal is function of 3
independent variables n (x,y,t)
4. Coloured TV signal is function of 3 independent
variables for 3 colours
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In this course we deal with :
Single channel one dimensional signals

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 Types of Signals

1. Continuous-time (CT) 2. Discrete-time (DT)

‫ة مع الزمن‬-‫االشارة المستمر‬
x(t), t is real. ‫االشارة المتقطعة مع الزمن‬
x[n], n is integer.

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Types of Signals:
1. Continuous-time signals (CT) or Analog signals:
Are defined for every value of time and they take on
values in the continuous interval (a,b) where a can be
–∞ and b can ∞

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Types of Signals:
1. Examples of Continuous-time signals (CT) or
Analog signals:

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Types of Signals:
2. Examples of Discrete-time Signals (DT)

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Types of Signals:
2. Discrete-time (DT)
In applications, discrete-time signals may arise in
two ways:
1. By sampling a continuous time signal
2. By accumulating a variable over a period of
time

sampler

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 Signals Representation
 Signals can be represented in a mathematical form:
x(t) = et,
y(t) = 0 ,t  5
 2
 t ,t  5
x[n] = n/2

x[ n ]  A cos ( n   )
 Discrete signals can also be represented as sequences:
y[n] = {…,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,…}

or in a tabular form

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Signals Representation
 Signals can also be represented graphically

x([n]

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 Types of Signals
Signals can be:

1. Continuous-time (CT) x(t), t is real.

2. Discrete-time (DT) x[n], n is integer.

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 Next Lecture

Signals Classifications

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