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CM Stool Examination (Ocfemia, Eliazel Galorio - BSLABSCI-PLTCI
CM Stool Examination (Ocfemia, Eliazel Galorio - BSLABSCI-PLTCI
CM Stool Examination (Ocfemia, Eliazel Galorio - BSLABSCI-PLTCI
Examination
Prepared by: Eliazel G. Ocfemia
DEFINITI
ON
Stool Stool analysis
Waste residue Series of test done on stool
of indigestible sample
materials
Differential diagnosis of
diseases of digestive system
Clinical Significance
Diagnosis of digestive
system infections
Bacterial, parasites, Primary screening test
viral , fungi for:
Colon cancer and
Diagnosis of pancreas peptic ulcers
disorders Some types of anemia
(OCCULT BLOOD)
Malabsorption of
nutrients
Specimen Collection
Collect in a clean container
Do not contaminate with urine
Types of specimens
Random
FOBT
3-day testing
Preservation
Physical- refrigeration
Chemical- formalin, 95%
ethanol, glycerol in NSS
Specimen Collection
Stool Analysis Procedures
Color Consistency
Solid to semi-
Dark brown solid ( soft to
well-formed)
Physical Examination
Abnormal color
Black- blood of upper GIT origin
Red- blood of lower GIT origin
White- yeast fermentation
Very pale – biliary obstruction or barium
Physical Examination
Consistency
Liquid stool- diarrhea
Ribbon like - irritable bowel syndrome
GIT obstruction
Fatty – mal-digestion; vitamins deficiency (A,D,E,K)
Chemical examination
pH: 7.0-7.5
Low pH indicate
carbohydrate mal-
absorption
Chemical examination
Sugar contents:
<0.25g/dl
Elevated sugar
indicates (>0.5g/dl)
Lactose intolerance
Chemical examination
Fat contents:
2-7g of fat /24h
High level of fats in stool:
Pancreatitis, Cystic fibrosis or
Celiac disease
Chemical examination
tEST
Add 95% ethanolic- Sudan Black-II
Stain:
60 red droplets of neutral fats HPF
Fat mal-absorption (Steatorrhea)
Chemical
Examination Occult blood
Stool guaiac test
BLUE in COLOR
COLORLESS
Hemoglobin + H2O2+ Guaiac oxidized guaiac + H2O
Microscopic examination
Fecal leukocytes
Entamoeba tropozoite
(incfective and diagnostic
stage)
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Balantidial dysentery:
Balantidium coli (ciliophora)
Kidney-shaped macroneucleus
Small microneucleus
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Giardia intestinalis:
Gastrointestinal Mastigophora
Habitat: small intestine (Duodenum)
Disease: Fatty diarrhea especially in children
Morphology:Tropozoite: Four pairs of flagella
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Helminths:
Trematoda
Schistosoma mansoni
Intestinal bilharziasis
Diagnosis :
Ova with lateral spine in the
stool
MICROSCOPIC
EXAMINATION
Cysticercosis:
Taenia (cestoda) infection
Taenia saginata: Beef
tapeworm
Taenia solium: pork tapeworm
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE:
Gravid segmants
Hexacantho-embryonated
ova
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Ascaris lumbricoides:
Nematoda
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE:
Fertilized , unfertilized ova
Embryonated ova
Adult stage
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Hookworms:
Ancylostoma duodenale (nematoda)
Diagnostic stage:
4-8 cell stage Embyonated
ova
3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Enterobius vermicularis ( pinworm )
Nematoda
Most commonly affects school-age children
Present with itchy butt, worse at night
Diagnostic stage
D – shaped egg
3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Diagnosis (pinworm)
scotch tape method
Prepare a tape and a tongue depressor
Press to the skin around the anus
Observe under a microscope for Pinworm eggs
3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)
Diagnostic stage:
Egg in stool
Diagnosis:
Brine floatation
Direct fecal smear
3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Strongyloides stercoralis
Nematoda
3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Stool
Examination
Prepared by: Eliazel G. Ocfemia