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Inequality Measures
Inequality Measures
y y y ........ y
1 2 3 n
E.G.If Thabo has $1 and Tshepo has $2, then Tshepo has twice
as much as Thabo or has 2/3rds of all the income. If Thabo has
$1500 and Tshepo has $2000 then Tshepo has 4/7th of total
income and income inequality between the two has declined.
• Instead the Gini calculates the income differences between all pairs of
incomes. These differences are then summed together with absolute values
being used so that information is not lost through values being both positive
and negative.
• The income differences are paired and are counted twice. (Q) Why? Well, as
well as taking the difference between income of individual ‘j’ and individual
‘k’, so that
( y j yk )
= income difference
Measuring Income Inequality
• Clearly the differences in income will be identical with opposite signs. Since we
take absolute values of income differences, we could estimate one of the differences
and multiply by a factor of 2.
m m
2
G 1 / 2n ( n j nk y j y k )
j 1 k 1
• There are 2 summations because firstly we sum over all the ks holding each j
constant, and then we do the same for the js, summing over all the js holding each k
constant.
• The Gini coefficient is also related to the Lorenz curve in a diagrammatical way.
The Gini is actually equivalent to the area between the 45 degree line and the
Lorenz curve divided by the entire area beneath the 45 degree line. Hence, the
higher the Gini the more ‘bowed’ the Lorenz curve and the higher the degree of
income inequality.
Measuring Income Inequality
Example of calculating a Gini Coefficient.
South Africa is assumed to have 6 people earning respectively,
R1000, R100, R15000, R150, R50, R100
Thus,
(R1000-R100)=R900
(R1000-15000)= -R14000
(R1000-R150)=R850
(R1000-R50)=R950
(R1000-R100)=R900
for
• Thenydo
theR 1000
same for each other income differential and sum for both j and k. The summation
j
term should be equal to R147,200. The mean income for SA is R2733.33.
• The Gini coefficient is equal to 0.748. This illustrates a high degree of income inequality within
SA. (Whilst these numbers are made up, in reality the income distribution in South Africa is
amongst the highest in the world as we will see later).
Measuring Income Inequality
The Lorenz Curve
• Is a diagram to explain income inequality in a country.
• Information is required on both and then formed into two variables that
reflect the cumulative value of income and the population.
• The further the curve is away from the 45 degree line the more unequal the country’s
distribution of income is.
• The Lorenz curve shown in Figure 1 illustrates that the poorest 40% of the
population instead of having 40% of the country’s income actually has just 9% of the
country’s income!
• By comparison, when we look at the top 20% of the country’s population (the richest
20%) we see that instead of them having 20% of income they actually control 65%
of the country’s income!
• Put another way you can say the poorest 80% of the country’s population control
35% of the income.
• Note that the area between the 45 degree line and the Lorenz curve forms the
numerator of the Gini coefficient, with the denominator being equivalent to the area
below the 45 degree line.
Measuring Income Inequality
• The issue to be aware of in estimating Lorenz curves is that for
different years for the same country the curves can cross,
making interpretation problematic.
Example from Ray (1998, pp. 183).
• Group 1: 6 people with incomes, 25, 175, 300, 350, 600, 1500 = 2950
• Group 2: 6 people with incomes, 50, 80, 200, 600, 820, 1200 = 2950
• You can plot these distributions and calculate Lorenz curves for both groups, by
calculating the cumulative percentage of each income value in terms of the total
income for each group.
• The Lorenz curves cross. Means that we can get from Group 2 to Group 1 by both
progressive (from rich to poor) and regressive (from poor to rich)
travels……..interpretation and hence policy becomes problematic and if this does
arise in a country then must investigate at a more micro level!!!
Measuring Income Inequality
Other Income Inequality Indices
Entropy Measures
See www.worldbank.org/poverty/inequal/dddeisqo.htm.
1 y i yi
E (1) ln
n i y y
Measuring Income Inequality
Theil Index cont…
Individual (1) Income Average Ratio of Log (ratio of (6)=(4) x (5) Theil Index is
(2) Income (3) income to income to sum of 6
average average divided by
income (4) income) (5) observations
1 300 0.170 -0.768 -0.131
Can decompose the Theil index into between group inequality and within group inequality.
E.g. Look at income inequality within racial groups and then between racial groups.
Practically this entails estimating Theil index for each of the racial groups and then summing
them according to some weight (e.g. population weight) to give total within-race inequality,
Tw.
Then calculate the Theil using the ratio of average income for each racial group/average
income of entire population to give between race income inequality, Tb.
See “Describing Income Inequality Theil Index and Entropy Class Indexes” by Lorenzo
Giovanni Bellù, and Paolo Liberati, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
FAO.
References
Bellu, L., and Liberati, P., (2006), “Describing Income Inequality Theil Index and Entropy
Class Indexes”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO.
Foster and Shorrocks (1988), “Poverty Orderings”, Econometrica, Vol 56, pp. 173-7.
Atkinson (1987), “On the Measurement of Poverty”, Econometrica, Vol 55(4), pp. 749-64.