THE STAR

By: Oniot, Neshil Fe N.

 What is stars?
⋆ How can we determine anything about
them?
⋆ How come, some are brighter than
others?
⋆ How far away are these stars from us?
⋆ How can we use only “observation” of
stellar light to know the nature of these
objects so remote that
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their light can
 PARALLAX
Is used to measure the distances to
some nearby stars. Most other stars
are so far away that observing a star
from opposite sides of the Earth will
produce a parallax angle much,
much too small to detect.
STELLAR PARALLAX
A nearby star that is sighted from
opposite sides of Earth’s orbit
appeaars to shift its position from 1
to 2 againts a backgroud of distant
stars.
STELLAR PARALLAX
STELLAR PARALLAX
One parsec is the distance to an
object whose parallax angle is one
arcsecond. The radius of the
Earth’s orbit equals one
astronomical unit (AU), so an
object that is one parsec distant is
206, 265 AU (or 3.26 light – years)
away.
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Formula

1
Star’s distance =
Parallax (“)

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 SPECTRA SPECTROSCOPY – can be
very useful in helping
SPECTRUM – is
scientists understand how
simply a chart or a
an object like a black hole,
graph that shows
neutron star, or active
the intensity of light
galaxy produces light, how
being emitted over
fast it is moving, and what
a range of
elements it is composed of.
energies.
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 SPECTRA
CONTINOUS EMISSION or ABSORPTION or
SPECTRUM BRIGHT – LINE, DARK – LINE,
A continuous SPECTRUM SPECTRUM
array of the A pattern of A pattern of dark
rainbow color. bright – colored lines across a
lines of different continuous
wavelengths. spectrum.

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SPETRAL LINES
is a dark or bright line in an otherwisse
uniform and continuous spectrum,
resulting from emission or absorption of
light in a narrow frequency range,
compared with the nearby frequencies.
are often used to identify atoms and
molecules.
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 DANISH NIELS BOHR (1885 – 1962)
Each element has its own particular kind
of atom.
Bohr atom model
Each element’s atoms have a nucleus with a
unique number of positively charged protons,
circled by the same number of electrons
bearing a corresponding negative charge.
 SPECTRA OF STAR
Stellar spectra, or spectrums of stars,
are predominantly patterns of dark lines
crossing a continuos band of colors.

PHOTOSPHERE
Lights from a star’s bright, visible
surface.
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 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Joseph von Fraunhofer

recorded the strongest dark lines, now
called Fraunhofer lines

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 SPECTRAL CLASSES
Absorption spectra are used to classify
stars into seven principal types.
OBAFGKM
Oh, Be A Fine Guy, Kiss Me
TEMPERATURE
The spectrum of a hot star and that
of a cook star look very diffrent.
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 ORIGIN OF SPECTRAL CLASS
CHARACTERISTICS
At extremely high temperatures, as in O stars,
gas atoms are IONIZED.
When the temperature is around 5800 k, as in G
stars such as our Sun, metal atoms such as iron
and nickel remain neutral without being
disrupted.
Molecules, titanium oxide can exist in below
3500 K temperature, as in M star
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MOTIONS
VELOCITY COMPONENTS
RADIAL VELOCITY or speed
toward or away from us along the line
of sight
PROPER MOTION or the amount
of angular change in a star’s position
per year.
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MOTIONS
DOPPLER SHIFT – is an effect, discovered by
Austrian physicist Christian Doppler (1803 –
1853), that applies to all wave motion.

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MOTIONS
PROPER MOTION – is measured over an
interval of 20 to 30 years. The average proper
motion for all visible stars is less than 0.1
second of arc (0”.1) per year.

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LUMINOSITY
The star we know best is our Sun. the
luminosity of other stars in often started inn
terms of the Sun’s luminosity, which is 3.85 x
1026 watts. The Sun’s luminosity is
equevalent to 3850 billion trillion 100 – watt
light bulbs shinning all together.

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PROPAGATION OF LIGHT

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APPARENT MAGNITUDE
Apparent magnitude is a measure of how
bright a star appears. The modern magnitude
scale defines a first – magnitude star to be
exactly 100 times brighter than a sixth –
magnitude star.

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 ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE
is a measure of
luminosity, or how
much light a star
is actually
radiating into
space.

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DISTANCE FROM MAGNITUDES
m – M = 5 log (distance in parsecs /10)
A star’s apparent magnitude can be measured
directly. For a distant star whose parallax
cannot be measured but whose absolute
magnitude is known, as from consideration
of its spectrum, the distance modulus can be
used to calculate distance.
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COMPARISONS

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HERTZSPRUNG – RUSSELL DIAGRAM
A basic link between luminosities and
temperatures of stars was discovered early
in the twentieth century by two independent
astronomers, Henry N. Russell (1877 –
1957) of the U.S. and Ejnar Hertzsprung
(1893 – 1967) of Denmark.

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MASS – LUMINOSITY RELATION

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SIZES AND DENSITIES
Stefan – Boltzman radiation
Is the law that says the luminosity (L) of a star
is proportional to the square of its radius (R)
times the fourth power of its surface
temperature (T).

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DOUBLE STAR SYSTEMS
BINARY STAR
is formed by a pair stars that revolve around a
common center of gravity as they travel
through space together.
VISUAL BINARY
can be resolved with a telescope so that
separate stars can be seen.
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DOUBLE STAR SYSTEMS
MIZAR in Ursa Major
was the first binary discovered, in 1650.
ASTROMETRIC BINARY
is a visible star plus an unseen companion star.
SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY
cannot be resolved in a telescope. Its binary
nature is revealed by its spectrum
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 DOUBLE STAR SYSTEMS
ECLIPSING BINARY
is situated so that one star passes in front of
its companion, cutting off light from our view at
regular intervals.
OPTICAL DOUBLE
is a pair of stars that appear to be close to
each other in the sky when viewed from earth.
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THE END…

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THANK YOU 

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