Drawing Tools and Materials

This chapter introduce the pencil and pen necessary for inscribing lines, the instrument available for guiding the eye and
hand while drawing, and the surface suitable for receiving the drawn lines.

Lead holder
- Standard 2mm leads.
- Capable of a variety of line weight, must be kept well sharpened with a lead pointer.

Mechanical pencils
- Utilized 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.9 mm leads.
- Pencils do not require sharpening.
- 0.3 mm (very fine lines), 0.5 mm (most practical for general
drawing purposes), 0.7 mm and 0.9 mm ( useful for sketching and
writing.
Wood-Encased Pencils
- Typically used for freehand drawing and sketching.

Leads
Graphite Leads

- Range from 9H (extremely hard) to 6B (extremely

Soft).
- 4H and 3H is dense grade, laying out light construction
lines, difficult to remove.
- 2H is medium hard, suitable for finish drawings, not
erase easily if drawn heavy hand.
- H and HB are general purpose, suitable for layouts and
finish drawings.
- B soft grade of lead is used for very dense line work.
Non photo Blue Leads

- Used for construction lines.

- Their shade of blue tend not to be detected by photocopies.
- Digital scanners can detect the lines.
- Which can be removed by image editing software.

Plastic Leads

- Polymer leads are available for drawing on drafting film.

- E0, N0, or P0 (soft)
- E5, N5, or P5 (hard)
Technical Pens
- Capable of producing precise, consistent ink lines without the application of pressure. They have different type of line
thickness.
- Drafting, sketching and rendering.
- Extremely fine 0.13 mm to very wide 2 mm.
- Four standard line widths 0.25 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm.
Fountain Pens
- Disposable cartridge or an internal piston containing a water based ink that is fed to a metal nib.
- Not suitable for drafting
- Writing and Freehand sketching.
- Nibs of different size and shape are used for calligraphy.
Digital stylus
- Used with a digitizing tablet and appropriate software, it replace the mouse and enable the use to draw in a freehand
manner.
- Some modals and software are able to detect and respond to the amount of hand pressure to mimic more realistically
the effect of traditional media.
T Squares
- Straightedges that have a short crosspiece at one end.
- Head slides along the edge of a drawing board as a guide in establishing and drawing straight parallel lines.
- T Squares are available in 18”, 24”, 30”, 36”, 42” and 48”.
Triangles
- Triangles are drafting aids used to guide the
drawing of vertical lines at specified angles.
- Right angle and either two 45 angle or one
30 and one 60 angle.

Adjustable Triangles
- Adjustable triangles have a movable leg that is held in place with a
thumbscrew and a scale for measuring angles.
Compasses
- Drawing a large circles as well as circles of
indeterminate radii.

French Curves
- Variety of French curves are manufactured to
guide the drawing of irregular curves.

Protractors
- Semicircular instruments for
measuring and plotting angles.
Templates
- Templates have cutouts to guide the drawing
of predetermined shapes.
- Templates are available for drawing other
geometric shapes, such as ellipses and
polygons, as well as symbols for plumbing
fixtures and furnishings at various scales.

Architect’s Scale or Triangle Scale

- An Architect’s scale has graduation along its
edges so that scale drawing can be measured
directly in feet and inches or centimeters.
- Triangular scale have 6 side with 11 scales.
Architectural Drawing Systems
The Central task of architectural drawing is representing three dimensional form, construction, and spatial environments
on a two dimensional surface.

Three distinct type of drawing system have evolved over time to accomplish this mission:
Multiview
Paraline
Perspective drawings

Multiview Drawings / Orthographic Projection

- Plan, section and Elevation

- The principal face in each view is oriented parallel
to the picture plane.
Paraline Drawings

- Axonometric Projection
Isometric Projection, Dimetric Projection and Trimetric Projection
- Oblique Projection
Elevation Obliques and Plan Obliques
Perspective Drawings

- 1 point Perspective
- 2 point Perspective
- 3 point Perspective

1 point Perspective
2 point Perspective
3 point Perspective