PAINTS

AND

VARNISHES
WHAT ARE PAINTS ?

 Paintsused to protect metals, timber

or plastered surfaces from the
corrosive effect of weather, heat,
moisture or gases etc, and also to
improve their appearance.
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS

 Paints which are commonly used are

classified as.
 Oil paints

 Water paints

 Cement paints

 Bituminous paints
SOME SPECIAL PAINTS

 Heat resisting or fireproof paints

 Chlorinated rubber paints
 To protect against acid fumes etc.
 Luminous paints
 for visibility of painted surfaces in the darkness
etc.
COMPOSITION OF OIL PAINTS

Oil paints consist essentially of

 A base.
 A vehicle.
 One or more coloring pigments.
 A solvent or a thinner.
 An inert filler.
 BASE
 It provides body to the paints and on it depends
the nature of the paints to a great extent. It is the
Solid matter forming the main body of the paint.
It makes the paints film harder and more resistant
to abrasion.It forms an opaque layer to obscure
the surface of material to be painted.
EXAMPLES OF BASE
 Commonly used bases are:-
White lead, red lead, zinc oxide ( or zinc white).
 Iron oxide and metallic powders such as
aluminum, copper and bronze etc.
 Paints are very often named after the bases
used, e.g. Lead paints, zinc paints, aluminium
paints, etc.
VEHICLE
 It is an oily liquid in which the base and
pigments are soluble.
 Uses of vehicle are:-
 Spread paint evenly on the surface.
 Binder for the base.
 On drying it forms a tough and an elastic
film.
 Oils most commonly used, as vehicles are
linseed oil, nut oil, poppy oil and tung oil.
 COLORING PIGMINTS

 Finely ground coloring matters.

 Give color and opacity to the paints.

 They fade because of the bleaching action of

sunrays.
 Subject to change of color under the influence of
moisture, heat or H2S,
 Commonly used pigments are
 blacks, blues, yellows, greens, browns, reds, etc.
 SOLVANTS OR THINNER

 Liquid thinner added to the

prepared paints
 To increase their fluidity to the desired
consistency.
 To make them work more smoothly
 To help penetration of porous surfaces.
 SOLVANTS OR THINNER

 Oil of turpentine is the most commonly used

thinner.
 An excessive use dulls the color .

 It reduces the protective layer of coating.

 As such thinner is generally not used in finishing

coat on exposed surfaces.
 For good result sometimes Copal varnish is also
used as thinner.
 DRIER
 A substance added to paint , varnishes, ink to
speed drying.
 Driers are added to paints to quicken the
drying of vehicles.
 Not more than one drier should be used at a
time and it should be added to the paint just
before the paint is to be used.
EXAMPLES OF DRIERS
 Some of the commonly used driers are:
 Red lead
 Lead acetate
 Zinc sulphate
 Manganese dioxide
 INERT FILLLERS
 Itis mixed to replace the base in
part
 Reduce the cost of paint.

 Commonly used fillers are:-

 Silica

 charcoal,

 powdered chalk,
 Aluminium silicate

 Barium sulphate etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PAINTS
 It should have a good spreading power.
 It should work smoothly and freely and be
capable of being laid in thin coat with the brush.
 Color of paint should not fade.

 It should not crack on drying.

 It should not damage the painted surface.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PAINTS
 It should dry quickly.
 It should form durable ,tough and resistant to
wear film on drying.
 It should become surface dry in about 9 hours
and hard enough to take up another coat in 24
hours.
 PAINTING
 Application of paint to a surface by brush or spray.
 Surface should be clean, smooth and dry.
 Iron should be free from rust.
 Moisture should be absent.
 Painting should be done during dry weather.
 Addition of things reduces its life.
 Linseed oil and pigment should be of good quality.
 No coat is applied until previous coat is dried.
 PAINTING WOOD WORKS
 Well seasoned timber. Dry rot is likely decay early.
 Not to paint excessively dry surface.
 Apply only to dry surface.
 Smooth, Clean, Free of rust.
 Nails should be punched in ½ cm below.
 Surface is knotted, primed and stopped.
 KNOTTING OR KILLING KNOT
 Making knots incapable of spoiling paint.
 Knotting should be done before painting.

 Ways for knotting:-

1) Ordinary or size knotting

2) Lime knotting
3) Patent knotting
APPLICATION OF PRIMING COAT AND STOPPING
 Application of priming coat:-
 Priming coat is applied after knotting.
 1Kg red lead and white lead mixed with 1liter oil.

 Forms opaque and hard film filling pores.

 Smooth base for painting.

 Stopping:-
 All nails or holes are filled with putty.
 After putty is dried surface is rubbed with sand
paper.
APPLICATION OF FINISHING COAT
 2 or more coat is applied after stopping.
 Good brush at 900 angle must be used.

 Addition of a little Copal varnish to paint to

withstand weathering and add to gloss.
 In case of white paint.
 White lead for outside work
 Zinc white for interior work
 REPAINTING WOOD WORK
 Old paint is removed by scrubbing or by paint remover.
 Disfigured surfaces by smoke a coat is given that
consist of:-
 1Kg glue, 60gm unslaked lime in 4Kg water.
 Wash surface with soap and water.
 A solution of washing soda in water is used for removing
greasy spots.
 Holes are filled with putty (stoping).
 2 or 3 coats are given.
PAINTING PLASTERED SURFACES
 Dry the surface thoroughly.
 To prevent sucking of paint soak surface with pore
filling solution.
 A wash of 1Kg of size,500gm soft soap and 9liters
creamy lime is recommended.
 Cracks are filled by glaziers putty and sand paper.
 Two coats of white lead and boiled linseed oil.
PAINTING PLASTERED SURFACES
 3rd coat consist of white lead, Linseed oil, desired
pigment and turpentine oil.
 Finishing coat have same composition but more
turpentine oil.
 For new surfaces first a solution of 1Kg zinc sulphate
in 2Kg water is applied. After drying pure linseed oil
is applied followed by paints.
 PAINTING PLASTERED SURFACES
 Cement paints:-
 Paints that can be directly applied to new surface.
 Snowcem is a popular brand of it.

 Mixed with water before applying.

 2nd coat is applied after 24 hours after 1 st coat and
surface is kept wet for 3 days.
 PAINTING IRON OR STEEL WORK
 Prevent rusting and improve appearance.
 For painting:-
 Free from dust and rust or mill scales.
 Greasy spots must be removed with hot acid bath
followed by jet of water or lime or caustic soda.
 If old paint is present then remove by scrubbing or
paint remover or by burning.
 First coat must consist of pure linseed oil and red
lead. Proportion is one liter to 3.25Kg red lead.
 PAINTING IRON OR STEEL WORK
 Second coat consist of 1 liter boiled linseed oil,800gm
lamp black and 600gm red oxide paint.
 Bituminous, graphite or anti-corrosive paints
have:-
 Well adhere, give good protection but black
appearance.
 Do not apply lead or zinc paint direct on surface
otherwise paint would be harmed.
 CRACKING
 Cracks in paint after painting are
caused by:-
 Improper seasoning of painted wood.
 Excessive use of drier.
 Application of too many coats resulting in an
excessive thickness of paint.
CRACKING
 CRAZING AND CORCODILING
 It can be tribute to:-
 Use of too much oil
 Use of impure oil
 Insufficient drying of undercoat.
 If hair cracks enclose small areas then
the defect is known as the crazing.
 If the area enclosed is large then the
defect is known as crocodiling.
CRAZING
 BLISTERING AND PEELING
 Exposure of paints, rich in oil, to strong
sunshine causes blisters.
 These are also caused if oil or grease is left
on surface to be painted.
 Painting a surface with moisture present on
surface or in pores of wood causes peeling.
 RUNS AND SAGE
 Causes of this defect are:-
 Application of too thick or slow drying paint
 Painting over glassy surface
 Use of excessive drier
 Change of temperatures during drying period.
 RUNS
Runs AND SAGE DEFECT
sage
 WASHING OFF

 Useof pigments soluble in

water causes the deposit of
dissolve matter at lower edges
forming streaks.
 CHALKING AND DULL
APPEARANCE
Chalking
 Use of insufficient oil in priming coat causes the
paint to rub off with hands or clothes the defect
being known as chalking.

Dull Appearance
 It is caused by use of excessive drier or on the
paint becoming old.
 SLOW DRYING
 Causes of this defect are:-
 Use of inferior or old oils
 Painting over damp surfaces
 Painting during unfavorable weather
conditions causes this defect.
 YELLOWING OF WHITE PAINT

 For indoor Paintings where

gloss is desired white enamel
should be used otherwise
minimum linseed oil, which has
a yellow tint and does not bleach
unless exposed to sunshine,
should be used.
YELLOWING OF WHITE PAINT
 TYPES OF PAINTS
 FIREPROOF PAINTS
 CELLULOSE PAINTS
 ALUMINIUM PAINTS

 ZINC PAINTS

 DISTEMPERS
FIRE PROOF PAINTS
 Fire resisting solution coating of
sodium tungstate and asbestos paints
retard the action of fire. As such
wherever timber work is Intended to be
fire resistant it may be coated with
either of these solutions.
 CELLULOSE PAINTS

 Natural cellulose is chemically treated

and converted to nitrate or acetate or to
methyl or ethyl cellulose. The resultant
derivative of cellulose is dissolved in
petroleum or in coal tar hydrocarbon.
Plasticizers.
NITRO CELLULOSE
 Which, are organic compounds of low
volatility, are added to cellulose paints to
improve adherence, toughness, smoothness
and elasticity of the paints film.
 CELLULOSE PAINTS

 Compared with ordinary oil paints cellulose

paints:-
can be easily
washed

Cleaned

has greater
 hardness
 Elasticity

Stands temperature changes and hot water better.

Produces more glossy and durable decorative coat than
oil paints with metallic oxide bases .
 CELLULOSE PAINTS
 Compare with oil paints, it costs more.
 Spray paints or Duco is the trade name
given to such type of paints.
 These are used for painting
automobiles, aircraft and other costly
things.
 ALUMINIUM PAINTS
 It consist of aluminum powder suspended
in varnish.
 It has got very good covering power

 Gives nice protection to iron and steel

against corrosion due to sweater and acid
fumes.
 ALUMINIUM PAINTS
 It resists heat,
 It does not oxidize and fade,
 It is visible in the dark
 It is commonly used for painting electric and
telegraph poles, hot water pips, marine pipes
and oil storage tanks, etc
 ZINC PAINTS

 Being extensively used for indoor and

outdoor use for white paints, especially
on metallic surfaces.
 Zinc sulphide gives luminous and
fluorescent paints that are used to
illuminate maps and aircraft instruments
at night.
 Sometimes known as luminous paints.
YELLOW ZINC
PAINT
 DISTEMPERS
 These are paints used for the
treatment of masonry walls.
 In them water instead of oil is used as
a carrier.
 Also known as water paints.

 It is made by mixing whiting and size

with water.
 DISTEMPERS
 Powdered white chalks forms the whiting
and glue boiled in water is known as the size.
 Whiting takes the place of white lead in oil
paints as a base.
 It is usually colored by mixing with earthy
pigments such as
 Ocher, umber,
 Indian red

 Lamp black.
 DISTEMPERS
 In market a number of proprietary
distempers are available.
 All prepared distempers are mixed with
water only before being used.
 As the distempers is affected by weather
and comes off.
 If washed, so its use is restricted only to
interior works.
 DISTEMPERS
 Itforms a cheap, durable and easy finish for
interiors.
 Distempers give a good finish but are likely
to flake when subjected to alternate wetting
and drying.
 These should be applied in dry weather after
the surface has been cleaned and dried.
VARNISHES
 VARNISHES
 A clear, unpigmented preparation
consisting of resinous matter dissolved in
alcohol or other volatile liquid, or in oil;
when applied as a thin coating on a
surface, it dries leaving a hard, smooth,
transparent, glossy protective film.
 TO WHOM VARNISH IS APPLIED
 To the painted surface to increase it
brilliance and to protect it from the
atmospheric action

 To the unpainted wooden surface with a

view to brighten the ornamental
appearance of the grains of wood.
 COMPOSITION
 The ingredients of varnish are:-
 Resins
 Solvents

 driers
 RESINS
Any of various solid or semi-solid
amorphous fusible flammable natural
organic substances that are usually
transparent yellowish to brown.
 PROPERTIES OF RESINS
 Soluble in organic solvents (as ether) but not in
water.
 Electrically Non-conductors.
 Used chiefly in varnishes, printing inks, plastics, and
sizes and in medicine.
 SOLVENTS
 These must suit the resin used . Boiled linseed oil is
used to dissolve copal or amber turpentine oil for
common resin or mastic: methylated spirit for lac .
Wood naphtha because of its offensive smell is not
suited for superior works and is used only for cheap
varnishes .
 DRIERS
 A device to remove water.
 A substance(material) that absorbs water.
 A substance that is used to hasten
solidification.
 Material, such as salts of lead, manganese,
and cobalt, which facilitates the oxidation of
oils; used in paints and varnishes to speed
drying.
 QUALITIES OF A GOOD VARNISH
1. It should dry quickly .
2. On drying it should form a hard , tough and
durable film.
3. It should have good weathering properties .
4. It should be able to retain its color and shine.
5. It should be uniform and pleasant looking on
drying .
 KINDS OF VARNISHES
 Based on different solvents used varnishes
are classified in the following categories:
 Oil varnish
 Spirit varnish
 Water varnish
 OIL VARNISH

 These are made by dissolving hard resins like

amber or copal in oil.
 These are slow to dry , but are hardest and most
durable of all varnishes .
 These are suited for being used on exposed

surfaces requiring polishing .

 SPIRIT VARNISH
 Varnishes in which spirit is used as a solvent
are known as spirit varnishes or French polish.
 Shellac is dissolved in spirit and the product is
applied in a thin layer.
 These varnishes give a transparent finish.

 These do not weather well and as such are

used for polishing woodwork not exposed to
weather.
 WATER VARNISH
 They consist of lac dissolved in hot
water with borax , ammonia, potash
or soda just enough to dissolve the
lac.
 Varnish so made withstands washing
it is used for painting wallpaper and
delicate work.
 WAX POLISH
 Two parts of bees wax are mixed in two parts of
boiled linseed oil over a slow fire . When
dissolved than one part of turpentine oil is added
to it .the mixture is rubbed into the pores of wood
with cotton wad . Wax leaves a dull polish on
surface , which is far superior , more durable
than French polish.
 WHITE WASHING
 It is applied on plastered surface.
 It is applied in a view:-
 To improve appearance.
 Hygienic consideration.

 We summaries white wash as follows:-

a) Preparation of white wash.
b) Preparation of surface.
c) Application.
PREPARATION OF WHITE WASH
 Steps involved in preparation are:-
 Slaking

 Obtaining Quick Lime

 Water Mixing

 Drawing off lime paste

 Straining and adding solution

 Stirring
PREPARATION OF SURFACE
 Steps involved are:-
 Thorough cleaning

 Scrapping of loose white wash

 Use of Lime putty

 Coating of greasy spots

 White washing of smoke affected surface
 APPLICATION
Moonj brush should be soft. Vertical Stroke
is followed by horizontal stroke. Three coats
on new and scrapped surfaces are sufficient.
One coat would suffice on a surface having
old wash in good condition. To replace color
wash three coats of white wash must be
done.
 COLOR WASH
 Procedure of color wash:-
 Preparation

 Color wash of new or scrapped surfaces

 Color wash of already white washed or color
washed surfaces
 Replacing old color wash