Kinetic Theory of Gases

Analysis of Physics for Senior High School Grade XI

 Basic Competencies
Kinetic Theory of
Gases KD 3.6 Explaining the kinetic theory of gases and the
characteristics of gases in closed spaces

KD 4.6 Presenting works related to the theory kinetic of gases

and their physical meaning
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Lets watch this video below

What do you
think about
this video?
 What is Gas?
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Gas is matter which has weak interactions among the
constituent particles so that its thermal behavior is
relatively simpled

So, what is the behavior?

macroscopic properties microscopic properties

temperature, pressure, and volume velocity, kinetic energy,
momentum, and mass of each
particle that makes up matter
 What is Ideal Gas?
Kinetic Theory of
Gases The gas we will discuss here is an ideal gas

does not exist in

nature
What is
ideal gas?
simplification or idealization
of the real gas

people can create conditions so that real

gases have properties close to those of ideal
gases
 Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Properties of Gases

• The ideal gas has a particle size

that is very small compared to the
room.
• The ideal gas moves quickly and
arbitrarily, in a straight line.
• Ideal gas moves due to collisions
between particles or collisions
with perfectly resilient spaces.
• The ideal gas has a weak
attractive force between the
particles.
 Law of Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Boyle’s Law

“The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely

proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of
gas remain unchanged within a closed system”

  1
𝑉∝
𝑃

  𝐶
𝑉 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑉 =𝐶1
𝑃

P1 V 1=P2 V 2
 
 Law of Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Gay-Lussac’s Law

“the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute
temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant”

  𝑃 ∝𝑇
  𝑃
𝑃=𝐶𝑇 𝑜𝑟 =𝐶 2
𝑇

 𝑃 1𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇 2
 Law of Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Charles’s Law

“When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin

temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion”

 𝑉 ∝𝑇
  𝑉
𝑉 =𝐶𝑇 𝑜𝑟 =𝐶3
𝑇

 𝑉 1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Chemical terms in the ideal gas state equation

• Relative Atomic Mass (Ar), is the ratio of the average

mass of an element's atom to 1/12 of the mass of an
atom C. The relative atomic mass value is not the actual
mass of an atom, it is only a comparative value.

Example:
Ar H = 1
Ar Ne = 20
Ar Ar = 4
 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Chemical terms in the ideal gas state equation

• Relative molecular mass (Mr), is the total relative

atomic mass (Ar) of the elements making up the
compound.

 • Mol (n), is a measure of the number of particles, where

The number of moles can be calculated by dividing the mass of an

element (compound) by its relative mass (Ar or Mr).
  𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 ( 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎)   ( 𝒎𝒐𝒍 ) = 𝒎
𝒏 ( 𝒎𝒐𝒍 )= 𝒏
𝑨𝒓 ( 𝑴𝒓 ) 𝑴
 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases Chemical terms in the ideal gas state equation

• Avogadro number, is a number that states the number

of particles in one mole.
23
𝑁
  𝐴 =6,022 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐 𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑠 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
26
𝑁
  𝐴 =6,022 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐 𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑠 / 𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑙

And to calculate the total number of particles an equation can be used

 𝑁 =𝑛 𝑁 𝐴

Where N is the total number of particles.

 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases The Equation

We can combine boyle's law, gay lussac, and charles into a

relationship as follows
  𝑃𝑉 ∝𝑇
By taking into account the effect of the amount of gas, it is evident
that at constant temperature and pressure, the volume of the gas in
the enclosed space increases in direct proportion to the mass m of the
gas present.

 𝑃𝑉 ∝ 𝑚𝑇
 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases The Equation

Based on the experiment, this constant of comparison turns out to

have the same value if moles instead of mass are used, so that

 𝑃𝑉 =𝑛𝑅𝑇

 Where,
P = Pressure of gases (N/m2)
V = volume of gases (m3)
n = mol
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature (K)
 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases The Equation

 where , so that

 𝑃𝑉 =𝑁𝑘 𝑇
Where,
 
P = Pressure of gases (N/m2)
V = volume of gases (m3)
N = total number of particles
k = Boltzman constant
T = temperature (K)
 The Equation of Ideal Gases
Kinetic Theory of
Gases TIPS
• Be careful in choosing R units. Adjust the unit R with other units of measurement. In
this case there are times when a conversion factor is needed:
R = 8314 J / kmol K is used if pressure P is in atm, volume V is in m3, n is in kmol, and
T is in Kelvin (K)
R = 0.082 L atm / mol K is used if pressure P is in Pa (or N / m 2), volume V is in liters
(L), n is in moles, and T is in Kelvin (K)
Possible conversions:
1 L = 10-3 m3 or 1 m3 = 1000 L
1 atm = 1,01 x 105 Pascal = 76 cmHg
• Don't forget that T is the absolute temperature, the unit must be Kelvin (K)
• If m is in grams and Mr is in g / mol, then n is in moles, but if m is in kg and Mr is in
kg / kmol, then n is in kmol
• Under standard conditions (STP), namely pressure P = 1 atm = 1,01 x 10 5 Pascal, and
gas temperature T = 00 C or 273 K, then every n = 1 mole of any gas has a volume of
22.4 liters
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space
Using kinetic theory, we will quantitatively determine the
pressure in the gas.

One molecule moving in the

molecules move randomly
direction of the x-axis

A particle whose mass is m0 travels with velocity v in the

direction of the x axis. The particle strikes the left wall of
area A with velocity v
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space

Because collision is perfectly elastic, particles will bounce

off with velocity v. The change in momentum that occurs in
gas particle X is formulated:
 

The particles will return to hit the same wall after traveling
2L, with an interval of:
  𝟐𝑳
∆ 𝒕=
𝑽𝒙
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space

the change in momentum occurs due to the net force

exerted by the wall.

  ∆𝑝   2 𝑀 0 𝑣𝑥   𝑀 0 𝑣𝑥 2
𝐹= 𝐹= 𝐹=
∆𝑡 2𝐿 𝐿
𝑣𝑥

F is the force experienced at the time of collision. The

amount of gas pressure in the cube is:

  𝑚 𝑜 𝑣 2𝑥
2 2
𝐹 𝐿 𝑚𝑜 𝑣 𝑥 𝑚𝑜 𝑣 𝑥
𝑃= = 2
= 3
=
𝐴 𝐿 𝐿 𝑉
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space
 If
there are N number of gas molecules in a closed space
and the velocity of the X component is , it can be written:

  𝑁 𝑚0
𝑃= ( 𝑣 1 𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 + …+ 𝑣 𝑁𝑥 )
2 2 2
𝑉

 𝑣 1 𝑥2 + 𝑣2 𝑥2 +…+ 𝑣 𝑁𝑥 2= 𝑉´ 𝑥 2

Thus, the total gas pressure in a closed space can be

written in the equation:
  𝑁 𝑚0 𝑉´ 𝑥 2

𝑃=
𝑉
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space

In accordance with the assumption that each molecule

moves in all directions randomly at a constant speed, then
the average squared velocities in the x, y, z directions are
the same
  ´𝑥 2= 𝑣´𝑦2 =𝑣´𝑧2
𝑣
  ´𝑥 2= 𝑣´𝑦2 =𝑣´𝑧2
𝑣

  ´𝑥 2+ 𝑣´𝑦 2+ 𝑣´𝑧2 =𝑣´2

𝑣

  𝑣´𝑥2 = 𝑣´2
3

  ´ 2 1 ´2
𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑣
3
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space

For,

  𝑁 𝑚 0 𝑣´𝑥 2  𝑣´ 2= 1 𝑣´2

𝑃= 𝑥
𝑉 3

Then, the gas pressure in a closed space is formulated:

  𝑁 𝑚 ´2
𝑣
1 0
𝑃=
3 𝑉
Where,
 
P = Pressure of gases (N/m2)
N = The amount of particle
= velocity (m/s)
= the mass of particle (kg)
V = volume of gases (m3)
 Gas Pressure in Confined Space
 can be changed to , so

  ´
2 𝑁 𝐸𝐾
𝑃=
3 𝑉

Where, EK is the average kinetic energy of one gas particle.

 Average Kinetic Energy of Gas

The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends on the

temperature.

Based on the kinetic theory, the higher the temperature,

the faster the motion of the gas particles

According to the general equation for an ideal gas:

𝑃  .𝑉 =𝑁 .𝑘.𝑇
  𝑁 .𝑘 . 𝑇
𝑃=
𝑉
 Average Kinetic Energy of Gas

Based on the gas pressure equation in the closed space, it

can be stated:
  2 𝑁 . 𝐸𝑘
𝑝=
3 𝑉

By equating the two equations, it is obtained:

 𝑁 . 𝑘 .𝑇 2 𝑁 . 𝐸𝑘 2
= 𝑇 = 𝐸𝑘
𝑉 3 𝑉 3𝑘
  3
𝐸𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑇
2
 Effective Velocity of Gas
 The velocity square of the gas
molecule can be expressed by
the following equation

  ´𝟐𝑵 𝟏 𝒗 𝟐𝟏+ 𝑵 𝟐 𝒗 𝟐𝟐+ 𝑵 𝟑 𝒗 𝟐𝟑 +…

𝒗 =
𝑵 𝟏 + 𝑵 𝟐 + 𝑵 𝟑+ …
Gas molecules move at 𝟐 𝟐

different speeds
  ´𝟐
𝒗 =
∑ ( 𝑵 𝒊 𝒗𝒊 ) = ∑ ( 𝑵 𝒊 𝒗𝒊 )
∑ 𝑵𝒊 𝑵

𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑁=𝑁 1 +𝑁 2+𝑁 3 +…=∑ 𝑁 𝑖

 
 Effective Velocity of Gas
 Theaverage velocity squared of the gas molecules is
known as the effective velocity value.
 The effective velocity (rms = root mean square) is defined
as the root of the mean squared velocity

√ 𝑣´
  2
𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
 Effective Velocity of Gas
Relationship between the Effective Speed ​of a Gas and
its Absolute Temperature
 𝐸´ = 1 𝑚 𝑣 2 1
  𝑚 𝑣 2 = 3 𝑘𝑇 3 𝑘𝑇
𝑘 0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣  2𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2 2 0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑚0

Effective speed   𝟑 𝒌𝑻
𝒗 𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
√ 𝒎𝟎
  where is the mass of a gas molecule
 Effective Velocity of Gas
Comparison of Effective Speeds of Various Gases
 To see a comparison of the effective speeds of various gases, we will
change so that it can be expressed in terms of the molecular mass
of the gas, M

 From the equation, and equation , obtained

  3(𝑅/ 𝑁𝐴)𝑇
√ √
𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
3 𝑘𝑇
𝑚0
=
𝑀/𝑁𝐴
  3 𝑅𝑇
Effective speed
𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠=
√ 𝑀
 Effective Velocity of Gas
Comparison of Effective Speed ​from Pressure Data
 From the equation , we're going to change , so that it is obtained

  𝑝𝑉

√ ( ) 3 𝑝𝑉 3𝑝
3  
𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√ 3 𝑘𝑇
𝑚0
=
𝑁
𝑚
𝑁
𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠=
√ √
𝑚
=
𝑚/𝑉

  3𝑃
Effective speed
√
𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠=
𝜌
 Energy Equipartition Theorem

"The average energy for each degree of freedom a

molecule has is equal to 1/2 kT"
Where :
k: Boltzmann's constant (1.38 x 10-23 J / K) and T: Gas temperature (K).

Molecules in three-dimensional
space (for example in a container)
can move freely in any three
directions, namely the x-axis
direction, the y-axis direction, and
the z-axis direction.
The velocity of gas particles in a
closed space can be decomposed
towards the x, y and z axes
 Energy Equipartition Theorem

In this state, the gas molecule is said to have three

degrees of freedom of motion.

The average energy associated with the motion of gas

molecules, namely the kinetic energy of the gas at
temperature T becomes
 ´ 1 3
𝐸𝑘 =3 𝑥 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑘𝑇
2 2

The general expression of the above results is known as

the energy equipartition theorem
 Energy Equipartition Theorem
the energy equipartition theorem, which reads as follows:

 "For a system of gas molecules at absolute temperature T with

each molecule having f degrees of freedom, the average kinetic
energy per molecule is

For monatomic gases such as Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon,

Radon (noble gas group) have degrees of translation freedom (f = 3)

For diatomic gases (affected by the temperature of the gas

molecules)
• low temperature (± 250 K) : translational motion so, f= 3
• moderate temperature (± 500 K) : translational and rotational motion so, f= 5
• high temperature (± 1000 K) : translational motion, rotation and vibration so f= 7
 Inner Energy of Ideal Gas

The inner energy in an ideal gas is the amount of

translational, rotational, and vibrational kinetic energy of
all gas molecules present in a particular container.
If there are a number of N molecules (particles) of gas in
the container, then the energy in the gas 𝑈 is the product
of the number of gas particles with the average kinetic
energy per possible according to the following equation:

  1
𝑈 =𝑁 𝐸´ 𝑘 =𝑁𝑓( )
2
𝑘𝑇
 Inner Energy of Ideal Gas

Energy in ideal gases for various degrees of freedom as

follows
 a. Monatomic gases, such He, Ne, and Ar   = 3 𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑈
2
b. Diatomic gases such as H2, N2, and O2

  = 3 𝑁𝑘𝑇
Lower
   Temperature  (±250 K ) ,𝑓 =3 𝑈
2
  5
Medium
   Temperature  (±500 K ) , 𝑓 =5 𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
2

High
   Temperature  (±1000  K ) ,𝑓 =7   = 7 𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑈
2
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Kelompok 1 Kelompok 2 Kelompok 3 Kelompok 4
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