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Chapter 12A:: Basic Thermodynamics and Laws
Chapter 12A:: Basic Thermodynamics and Laws
AND LAWS
– Substances can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas (vapor)
– Two factors that affect state: temperature and pressure
– Process of state change
- Temperature change or phase change
- Pressure dependent
– Molecular Theory of Liquids and Gases suggested to explain
observed phenomena
– Concept of “saturated state”
subcooled, saturated and superheated
• Temperature is a measure of
average molecule speed
• Some molecules have faster
speed and escape
• Resisting pressure plays a
role
• During boiling process,
average speed reaches a
level at which the link
between molecules break
1
One needs to distinguish between extensive properties and intensive properties. While extensive properties
are those, such as volume V (m 3 or ft3), or enthalpy H (kJ or Btu), that depend on the mass of the substance,
intensive properties, such as temperature a nd pressure do not. Our notation is to use lower case symbols for
intensive properties, i.e., properties per unit mass. Thus, v would denote the specific volume, while u and h the
internal energy and enthalpy per unit mass, respectively. The use of the ter m “specific” (for example, specific
enthalpy) is recomme nded in order to avoid ambiguity.
For liquids and solids, the change in stored energy when its mass
undergoes a temperature change is given by:
Qs m c T m c (t2 t1 )
where Qs is the stored energy, (kJ or Btu)
m is the mass (kg or lbm)
c is the specific heat, (kJ/kg-oC or Btu/lbm-°F)
Amount
Of heat m.c.T 150 x1.0 x100 15, 000 Btu
Let V be the volume of gas needed.
Vx heat content x Efficiency of hot water boiler =15,000
15,000
or V= 18.75 ft 3 of gas
1000x0.8
Consider a room which contains 300 kg (660 lbm) of air. If this air is to be
refreshed once each hour, and cooled from 29.4o C (85o F) to 12. 8o C (55o F),
what is the cooling capacity of the cooling coil?
• Specific heat of air cp =1.00 kJ/(kg.oC)
• Assumptions: Steady flow process, neglect changes in kinetic and potential
energies, no work is involved, density of air remains constant, duct is adiabatic
SOLUTION
Since there is no change of phase, we can use the sensible heat eqn:
300 kg/h
Q ( ) 1.00 kJ/(kg. o C) (29.4-12.8 o C)=1.38 kW (4.72 kBtu/h)
3600 s/h
Efficiencies of
components
of a system
can be multiplied
to yield total
System efficiency
From Randolph
and Masters, 2008
However, since their conception, these laws have become some of the most
important laws of all science - and are often associated with concepts far
beyond what is directly stated in the wording.
-Heat is the lowest form of energy
The 19th century physicist, Clausius, proposed the use of a variable to quantify
disorder- entropy
(the change in entropy is equal to the amount of heat added to the system
[which is an irreversible process] divided by the temperature in Kelvin).
HCB 3- Chap 12A: Basic Thermo and Laws 23
Entropy contd…
• Concept of entropy: a measure of the irreversibility of the process (due
to friction, heat transfer across a temperature difference,…)
a property (just like temperature, pressure, enthalpy)