Principal Stresses and Strain

and
Theories of Failure
Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay
Class: 3rd Year
Branch: Mechanical Engineering
Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 THEORIES OF FAILURE
• To predict elastic failure under any conditions from the behavior of
materials in a simple test.
• Different theories for different materials and parameters that are
considered.
1. Maximum Principal Stress Theory
2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory
3. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
4. Maximum Strain Energy Theory
• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay
• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 1. Maximum principal stress theory

• According to this theory, the failure or yielding

occurs at a point in a member when the
maximum principal or normal stress in a bi-
axial stress system reaches the limiting strength
of the material in a simple tension test.

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 1. Maximum principal stress theory
• Maximum principal stress = Yield Stress
• Rankine
• brittle materials
• based on a limiting normal stress
• σ1 = σyp
x  y 1
1    x  y  2
 4xy 2
2 2
 yp • Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay
• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 Maximum principal stress theory
Applications:-
1. This theory ignores the possibility of failure due to shear stress.
2. The ductile material are relatively weaker in shear hense, This
theory is usefull for Brittle material.

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 2. Maximum Shear stress theory
• Failure occurs when maximum shear stress in complex stress system is
equal to the value of maximum shear stress in simple tension.
• Tresca, Guest, Coulomb
• ductile Material
• based on the concept of limiting shearing stress

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 Maximum Shear Stress Theory
(Tresca Criterion)
In a tension specimen:
tma
 max   min  y x
 max  
2 2
sy
The diameter of the Mohr circle = sy

For Plane Stress: 1   Y

s,s
1 2 have same signs.
(s3=0)
 2  Y • Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

s,s have opposite signs. • Class: 3rd Year

1   2   Y 1 2
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 Maximum Shear stress theory
• Applications:-
1. This Theory which accounts for shear failure.
2. It is used for ductile materials.

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 Graphical Representation
• The boundaries of the governing
equation is represented by inclined
parallel lines .
• Material will reach its elastic limit
when point (σ1, σ2) falls outside the
hexagonal region

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
• Failure occurs when the distortional energy associated with the
principal stresses equals or exceeds the distortional energy
corresponding to that for the yield strength of the material in uniaxial
tension.
• ductile material
• based on a limiting energy of distortion (shear strains)
• 0.5 ( (σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 - σ1)2) < σyp2

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
(von Mises Criterion)
For the three principal stresses;

1
u   1 1   2 2   3 3  
2
1
2E

 1   2   3  2   1 2   3 2   1 3 
2 2 2

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay
• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
After taking out the hydrostatic stress (save=(s1+s2+s3)/3)
Now substitute s1, s2 and s3 with

 1   ave  ,  2   ave  ,   3   ave 

For plane stress; ud 

1  2
3E

 1   1 2   22 
1   2 in an uniaxial tension test.
ud  Y
3E
 12   1 2   22   Y
2
• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay
• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
Graphical Representation of maximum
distortion theory

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
• Applications:-
o For a ductile material, the distortion energy theory is very accurate
and more close to the actual failure than any other theory.
o Hence this theory is widely used for ductile materials when accurate
results are required.
o This theory is also known as von mises hencky theory and shear
energy theory

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 4. Maximum Strain Theory
•  By Saint Venant
• Equivalent direct stress acting alone which produces strain equal to
greater principal strain shall not exceed the safe limit.

• Let f be the stress acting alone producing the strain

=

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
 Maximum Strain Theory

 
f=
This stress f should not exceed the safe limit.

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209
• Applications:-
1. It is used to generate plots and location of fracture.
2. To real materials is quite limited.

• Name: Pendkar saikiran Sanjay

• Class: 3rd Year
• Branch: Mechanical Engineering
• Div. & Roll No.: TE-C, C-209