Investment Materials

Investment materials
-Dr. Tanya
-1st Year PG
-Dept. of Prosthodontics
CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition
Ideal Requirements of an ideal investment material
Composition
Gypsum bonded investments
- Classification
- Composition
- Setting time
- Normal setting expansion
- Hygroscopic setting expansion
- Thermal expansion
Phosphate bonded investments
- Composition
- Setting reaction
- Setting & thermal expansion
- Working & Setting time
- Advantages & disadvantages
Ethyl silicate bonded investments
- Composition
- Advantages & disadvantages
Lost wax technique
Ringless casting system
Die stone investment combination
Casting ring liner
Hygroscopic thermal gold casting investments
Soldering investments
Investments for all- ceramic restorations
Investment of titanium & titanium based alloys
Review of Literature
Summary & Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
•The adoption of casting practice in dentistry

for making gold alloy inlays, crowns, bridges
& other restorations represents one of the
major advances in restorative dentistry.
Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

•In recent years, alloys with higher melting points,
palladium and base metal alloys have been cast
into:-
-Crowns, bridges & removable partial denture
restorations using the LOST WAX TECHNIQUE.

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition
All such casting operations involve :-
1) A wax pattern of the object to be

reproduced.
2) A suitable mold material known as
“investment,” which is placed around the
pattern & permitted to harden.
3) Suitable furnaces for burning out the wax
patterns & heating the investment mold.
4) Proper facilities to melt and cast the alloy.
Craig's Restorative Dental Materials: 13th edition

DEFINATION-INVESTMENT MATERIAL
(ADA sPECIFICATION no.2)
Investment can be defined as ceramic

material that is suitable for forming a
mould into which a metal or alloy is
cast.


Dental casting investment is a material
consisting principally of an allotrope of
silica and a bonding agent. The
bonding substance may be gypsum
( for use in lower casting temperature )
or phosphates and silica ( for use in
high casting temperature ).
-GPT-7
Investing is the Process of covering or
enveloping wholly or in part , an object such as
a tooth , denture, wax form, crown etc with a
suitable investment material before
processing , soldering and casting.
-GPT 7
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
•Easy to manipulate
•Sufficient strength at room temperature
•Stability at higher temperatures
•Sufficient expansion
•Beneficial Casting Temperatures
•Porosity
•Smooth surface
•Ease of divestment
•Inexpensive
Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

COMPOSITION
REFRACTORY REFRACTORY
Binder
REFRACTORY REFRACTORY
Chemical
modifiers
 Refractory Material:
• It is the filler material which is capable of
exposure to high temperature without significant
degradation.
• The refractory material is mainly Silica (silicon
dioxide).
• The allotropic forms of silica include
Quarts,Cristoballite,Quartz-Cristoballite
combination, Tridymite.

 Binder Material :
• The refractory material alone cannot form a
coherent mass on it own, some kind of a
binder is required .
• It holds the ingredients together
• Its main function is to provide rigidity to the
investment.
• The Binder Material can be Gypsum,
Phosphate or Silica

 Chemical modifiers:
Other chemicals improve the certain characteristic
properties of the investment materials.
The modifiers include:
Boric acid Aids in Expansion
Sodium Chloride
Copper
Graphite
Potassium sulfate
Magnesium oxide
Classification
 Based on Binder :
• Gypsum bonded
• Phosphate bonded
• Silica Bonded
 Based on Silica Type:

• Quartz
• Tridymite
• Cristoballite
• Combination
• Mixture of alumina, magnesia, zirconia
 Based on principles of setting expansion:
type 1 small castings, N.S.E.
type 2 small castings, H.S.E.
type 3 - Large castings, N.S.E.
 Based on applications:
• Low fusing alloys
• High fusing alloys
• Titanium and its alloys
• Soldering, Ceramming investments
Sham Bhat-Science of Dental Materials & Clinical
Applications:1st Edition
Gypsum Bonded Investments
• GBI are one of the oldest materials used for
casting .
• It is basically used for casting of gold alloys.
• The limitation of GBI is that it cannot be
heated above 700°C.
• Alloys which requires melting temperatures
above 700°C cannot be casted using this GBI.

Types of GBI
• Type 1- Thermal Expansion

• Type 2 – Hygroscopic Expansion

Composition of GBI
• Refractory Material: Silica (55%-75%)
• Binder :α-hemihydrate form of Gypsum(25%-
45%)
• Modifiers: Copper and Boric Acid

Gypsum
• Hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2H2O) form of
Gypsum is the binder used.
• Used for casting Gold containing alloys with
melting ranges below 1000°C
• Alpha-Hemihydrate form of gypsum
requires lesser amount of water as the
crystals are more regular in
shape(prismatic).
William J O’Brien,Dental Materials and their Selections -4th Edition
200-400C Considerable shrinkage due to
dehydration
400-700C
Slight expansion
Large contraction
Above 700C
Occasionally fractures

Silica
• Silicon dioxide is used as the refractory
material
• Silica exist in four allotropic forms:
Quartz
Cristoballite
Tridymite
Fused quartz

• During the burnout procedure the investment
is heated to high temperature
• This produces an expansion of the investment
material .
• When silica is heated a change in the
crystalline form occurs at the transition
temperature of particular type of silica.This
change in structure is called as inversion.

Alpha Form Beta Form
The two crystalline forms of Silica are :
α -Silica (Low Temperature)
β -Silica(High Temperature)
α-Silica β-Silica
(Low form) Transition temperature (High Form)
The beta allotropic form are stable only above the

transition temperature and inversion to alpha form can
occur on cooling.

Transition Temperatures :
• Quartz – 573 degree Celsius
• Cristoballite – 200-270 degree Celsius
• Tridyamite- 117 degree celsius
163 degree celsius

• Beta allotropic form are stable above the
transition temperature.
• The density of silica decreases with a resulting
increase in new volume which is exhibited by
the linear expansion of 0.45% .
• This expansion of silica can counterbalance for
the shrinkage of Gypsum.

Manipulation
The measured quantity of powder and water is

mixed manually using a flexible rubber bowl and
spatula or in a vacuum investment mixing
machine.
Basic Dental Materials; John J Manappallil, 4th edition

Setting time
• Hemihydrate reacts to form dihydrate setting
to form a solid mass that binds the silica
particles together.
• The setting time of GBI is 9 to 18 minutes
• According to ADA Sp. No. 2,the setting time
should not be shorter than 5 minutes and not
longer than 25 minutes.

Setting Expansion
Normal Setting Expansion:
• Dental gypsum products when mixed with
water and allowed to set in air exhibit an
expansion of their peripheral boundaries that
is known as “normal setting expansion”.
• The amount of expansion in a mixture of Silica
and Gypsum is higher than that of the
expansion of Gypsum alone.
• The Silica particles probably interfere with the
intermeshing and interlocking of crystals as
they form.
• The thrust caused by the growth of crystals is
outwards and therefore effective in
production of expansion.
• According to ADA sp. No. 2, 0.6% expansion is
permitted
Hygroscopic Expansion
• The expansion which occurs when the

mixed investment is in contact with water.
• The magnitude of hygroscopic expansion is
greater than normal setting expansion.

• Hygroscopic expansion is also a method to
compensate for the shrinkage of the alloy.
• According to ADA Sp. No.2 maximium
expansion permitted is 2.2%
• A lot of factors can alter the hygroscopic
setting expansion.

Factors affecting normal and hygroscopic
expansion:
Effect of Composition:
• Hygroscopic expansion is proportional to
the silica content of the investment.
• Finer the particle size of silica greater is the
expansion.
• A dental investment should have enough
hemi hydrate binder with silica to provide
sufficient strength after hygroscopic
expansion. Otherwise shrinkage will occur
on drying
Anusavice of the
: Philip’s setof investment
Science Dental Materials,12th Edition
Effect of W/P Ratio:
• More the W/P ratio lesser is the hygroscopic
expansion.
Effect of Spatulation:
• More the spatulation more the Hygroscopic
expansion.
Effect of immersion:
• Greatest amount of hygroscopic expansion is seen
if the immersion takes place before initial set.
Effect of confinement:
• The container in which the investment is
poured plays an important role in expansion.
• It is also affected by the walls of wax pattern.
• Softer wax shows more expansion .
• Wax softer than type 2 wax can cause serious
distortion.

Effect of added water:
• More the amount of water more the
expansion of the investment .
• The expansion takes place untill the
investment sets.
• Any addition of water after setting will not
have any effect of expansion.

Thermal Expansion
• Thermal expansion solely depends on the
amount of silica present in the investment and
not on the presence of gypsum.
• The contraction of gypsum is balanced
completely when quartz content is increased to
75%.
• The Type 1 investment: expansion not less than
1% and not greater than 1.6%.
• Type 2: 0.5%-0.6%
Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental
Materials,12th Edition
Factors affecting Thermal Expansion:
 W/P ratio : More water causes decreased thermal
expansion.
 Effect of chemical modifiers:
• Silica only counter balances the contraction of
gypsum.
• Modifiers like Na, K, Lithium Chloride and Boric
acid actually reduce gypsum shrinkage.
• Boric acid disintegrates in the end and hence
results in roughened casting.
 Strength:
• According to ADA Sp. No. 2 compressive
strength of GBI should not be less than 2.4
Mpa when tested 2 hours after setting.
• Factors: -alpha hemihydrate
-Chemical modifiers
-Water
• -heating to 700 degree celsius
- cooling down to room temperature

Fineness: Finer particles
- more hygroscopic expansion
- smaller surface irregularities
Thermal Contraction : When investment cools
down from 700C the contraction curve
follows the expansion.

 Porosity
The material should be porous to allow any air
to escape from mould space. The porosity
should not be so high that the resultant
prosthesis imparts porosities.
 Storage
In air tight moisture proof containers.

Advantages:
•Adequate strength
•Adequate porosity
•Controlled large setting and thermal expansions
•Simple method of manipulation and casting
procedure
•Not expensive

Disadvantages
• Decomposition of sulphur dioxide leading to
discoloration
• High casting force leading to cracks
• Not used for titanium alloys

PBI
Phosphate Bonded investments
• Due to rapid growth of use of metal ceramic
and pressable ceramics,it has resulted in
increased use of PBI.

Uses
• Type 1-for inlays,crowns and bridges
• Type 2-for RPD
• Type 3-For soldering
• Type 4-Refractory dies

Composition of PBI
It consist of Powder in packets of varying weight with a
special liquid.
 POWDER
• Refractory (80%)-Quartz, Cristoballite
• Binder-magnesium oxide, mono ammonium

phosphate

 LIQUID
• Colloidal Silica Suspension

• Water
• For a base metal alloy 33% dilution of silica is

necessary.

Type 2 PBI
Setting Reaction
The chemical reaction is as follows that causes the
investment to set and harden:
NH4H2PO4 + MgO + 5H2O NH4MgPO4. 6H2O

Mono Magnesiu- Magnesium
Ammonium m Oxide Ammonium
Phosphate Phosphate
This reaction occurs in room temperature.

NH4MgPO4. 6H2O
Dehydrated at 160º C
NH4MgPO4. H2O
Heated from 300º C to 650º C
Mg2P2O7
(Non Crystalline Polymeric Phase)
Heated above 1040º C
Mg3(P2O4)2
• On heating, it initially dehydrates and loses its
water
• On heating above 300C, non-crystalline
polymeric phase forms.
• The end product are Mg2P2O7 along with

some unchanged quartz or cristoballite.

Manipulation
Working and Setting time
• Unlike gypsum investments, phosphate

investments are markedly affected by
temperature.
• Warmer the mix, faster the set.
• The reaction gives off heat, which further
accelerates the setting.
• Increased mixing time and mixing efficiency
result in a faster set; these two factors give
smoothness and accuracy to the casting.
• Mechanical mixing under vacuum is preferred.
• An increase in liquid/powder ratio increases
the working time.

Setting and thermal expansion
• When phosphate bonded investment material

is mixed with liquid containing silica first there
is early thermal shrinkage.
• This is associated with the decomposition of
the binder, magnesium ammonium phosphate
and is accompanied by evolution of ammonia.

But this Shrinkage is practically masked because of the
addition of the liquid containing colloidal silica.

Expansion and Strength of these
Investments can be modified by:
1. Altering Liquid Powder

Ratio
2. Increasing concentration of
Special liquid

Influence of liquid Concentration on
Normal and Thermal Expansion
Setting and thermal expansion
• The combined setting and thermal expansion

for phosphate investments is around 2% if the
special silica liquid is used alone without
dilution.
• But incorporation of more silica can make the
investment more dense and non porous which
can affect the casting.

Properties
COMPRESSIVE THERMAL
STRENGTH EXPANSION
2.5 mPa 0.8% when 1:1 liquid
3 mPa to water is used
TEMPERATURE MIXING TIME

Warm mix fast More mixing faster
setting set
Advantages
• High Strength
• Can withstand temperature up to 1000°C for
short period of time (useful or performing
metal-joining operations).
• They can also provide setting and thermal
expansions high enough to compensate for
the thermal contraction of cast-metal
prostheses or porcelain veneers during
cooling.
Disadvantages
• When used with higher-melting alloys (casting
temp. higher than 1375°C) - results in mold
breakdown and roughen surface of castings
• Difficult to divest (removal of casting from the
investment)
William J O’Brien,Dental Materials and their Selections -4th

Edition
Effect of setting under pressure on the number of
surface pores and irregularities of Dental
Investment Materials
• The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of
air pressure on the pore size
and surface irregularities of investment materials immedi
ately after pouring.
• Specimens set under positive pressure in
a pressure chamber presented fewer surface bubbles
than specimens set under atmospheric pressure.
Positive pressure is effective and, therefore, is
recommended for both gypsum-bonded and phosphate-
bonded investment materials.
Tourah A,J Prosth Dent,2014 Feb 111(2)150-153
Ethyl Silicate bonded investments
-Less popular type of investment material

because of more complicated and time
consuming procedures.
-Used since 1930s in construction of high
fusing base metal partial denture alloys.
-Binder is silica gel that reverts to silica on
heating.
Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th

Edition
Composition
Refractory material – Silica
Binder –Silica gel or ethyl silicate
Modifiers - Magnesium oxide
(strengthen the gel)
- Ammonium chloride
(accelerator)

Methods to obtain silica or silicic acid gel binders:-
1)By adding an acid or an acid salt to sodium

silicate.
2)By the adding an accelerator, such as
ammonium chloride to an aqueous
suspension of colloidal silica.
3)By hydrolyzing ethyl silicate in the presence of
HCl, ethyl alcohol, and water.

• The reaction can be expressed as follows:
Si(OC2H5)4 + 4H2O Si (OH)4 + 4C2H5OH

Ethyl Silicate Colloidal Sol of
Polysilicic Acid
• This process completes the hydrolysis.

Edition
When sol is mixed with powder (quartz or
cristobalite and magnesium oxide) a coherent gel
of polysilicic acid is formed along with small
amount of setting shrinkage.
Soft Gel Hard Gel
This process is called as Gelation

• Next Process is the drying.
• During drying at temp below 168°C , soft gel
loses alcohol and water to form a
concentrated, hard gel which lead to
volumetric contraction (GREEN SHRINKAGE)
which ultimately reduces the size of the
mold
• This shrinkage occurs in addition to setting
shrinkage.
Edition
Available as :
• It is supplied as a powder and a liquid
• Powder and two liquids: Dilute HCL
: Dilute Sodium silicate

If supplied as a powder and liquid:
Powder -Refractory particles of silicas and

glasses along with magnesium oxide and some
other refractory oxides in minor amounts.
Liquid -Stabilized alcohol solution of silica gel

• Before use, mix an equal volume from each
bottle and wait for a prescribed time acc. to
manufacturer’s instructions, so that
hydrolysis can take place and freshly
prepared silicic acid forms.
Science of dental materials; V Shama Bhat :1st edition

• Stock solutions of hydrolysed ethyl silicate binder may be
prepared and stored in dark bottles.
• The solution gels slowly on standing and its viscosity may
increase noticeably after 3-4 weeks when it has to be
discarded.
• Silica-bonded investments being more refractory than
phosphate-bonded investments, can tolerate higher burn-
out or mould-casting temperatures.
• Temperatures between 1090 and 1190°C are employed
when the higher fusing chromium containing alloys are
cast.
Manipulation
• The powder is added to hydrolyzed ethyl
silicate liquid, mixed quickly and vibrated into
a mold , that has an extra collar to increase
the height.
• The mold is placed on a vibrator that has a
tamping action this allows the heavier
particles to settle while the excess liquid and
some of the finer particles rise to the top .
Edition
• In about 30 mins, the accelerator in the
powder hardens the settled part, and the
excess at the top is poured off.
• Thus the L/P ratio in the settled part is greatly
reduced, and the setting shrinkage is reduced
to 0.1 %. Its low setting expansion minimise
distortion.

Edition
Advantages
• It offers the ability to cast high temp Co-Cr
and Nickel –Cr alloys, and attain good surface
finishes, low distortion, and high thermal
expansion (good fit).
• High permeability(gel form), yields sharply
defined castings
• Low fired strength – easy removal of casting.

Disadvantages
• Ethyl silicate has the disadvantage of giving off
flammable components during processing
hence extra precaution is needed while using
this investment.
• The low strength and high thermal expansion
require a more precise burnout process and
firing schedule to avoid cracking and
destruction of a mold.
Edition
Investments for Ceramics
2 types of investment materials have been developed

recently for producing all- ceramic restorations:-
- Type 1 – Used for the cast glass technique composed
of phosphate bonded refractories.
- Type 2 – Refractory die type of material, used for all-
ceramic veneers, inlays & crowns.

Refractory dies are made by pouring the investment into
impressions. When the investment is set, the die is
removed & is heated to remove gases that may be
detrimental to the ceramic (degassing)
A refractory die spacer may be added to the surface.

Then, the porcelain or other ceramic powders are added
to the die surface & fired.
These materials must accurately reproduce the
impression, remain undamaged during the porcelain
firing & have a thermal expansion compatible with that
of ceramic, otherwise the ceramic could crack during
cooling.

Properties:
•Fine grained
•Working time-2-5 minutes
•Withstand repeated firings at furnace temperature-
1200 degrees

Soldering Investments
When soldering the parts
of a restoration, such
as clasps on a RPD, the
parts must be
surrounded with a
suitable ceramic or
investment material
before the heating
operation.
• The assembled parts are temporarily held
together with sticky wax until they are
surrounded with the appropriate investment
material, after which the wax is softened &
removed.
• The portion to be soldered is left exposed &
free from investment to permit wax removal &
effective heating before it is joined with solder.
Edition
2 types of brazing investments are:-
• Type 1- Gypsum bonded dental brazing

investments (low-melting point alloys)
• Type 2- Phosphate bonded dental brazing

investments. (high-melting-point alloys)
Science of dental materials; V Shama Bhat :1st edition

• Soldering investments are designed to have
lower setting and thermal expansions than
casting investments, so that the assembled
parts do not shift in position during the setting
& heating of the investment.
• Do not have as fine a particle size as the
casting investment because the smoothness of
the mass is less important.

Divestments
• It is a combination of Die stone and gypsum
bonded investment material. The powder is
mixed with colloidal silica.
• The die is made from this mix and the wax
pattern is then constructed on it. The whole
complex is then invested in a mixture of
Divestment & water.
• This combination used to compensate
distortion of wax pattern of long span bridges
or RPD frameworks during removal from die.
PROPERTIES
• Setting expansion - 0.9%
• Thermal expansion - 0.6% (at 977°c)
ADVANTAGES
The wax pattern and die are invested
simultaneously with out removal of pattern.
Useful with gold alloys
Recent advances
• Newer investments have been aimed at the casting
of titanium and titanium based alloys.
• This is because molten titanium is highly reactive
with oxygen and is capable of reducing some of the
oxides commonly found in investment.
• Titanium can react with residual oxygen, nitrogen
and carbon from investment. These elements harden
and embrittles titanium in the solid state.
• As a result, either modifications of existing refractory
formulations and binder or new refractory formulations
and binder system are required.
• A variety of investment formulations for the casting of

titanium have been developed over the past several years.
These investments might be classified as PBI,ESBI and
Cemented (magnesia bonded by an aluminous cement,
which contains a mass fraction of 5% zirconia) .
• In these investments many kinds of refractories such as

silica, alumina, magnesia and zirconia have been used.
Review Of Literature
Expansion of high flow mixtures of gypsum-
bonded investments in contact with absorbent
liners.
• Aim of the study was to evaluate the expansion of high flow
mixtures of gypsum-bonded investments in contact with dry
absorbent liners since early setting.
• It is possible to obtain high flow investment mixtures with

enough setting expansion potential using exo-hydric Techniques:
1. The Water removal before the loss of gloss with a dry cellulose
absorbent liner produces setting expansion potential with an
intermediate magnitude between normal and hygroscopic
Expansion.
2. The Exo hyrdic –Hygroscopic expansion combination produced
an expansion greater than hygroscopic expansion.
Lodovici E,Dentmater,2005 jun;21(6)573-579

Properties of a gypsum-bonded magnesia
investment using a K2SO4 solution for
titanium casting
• The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of
a K2SO4 solution on the improvement of the properties of
an experimental magnesia-based gypsum-bonded
investment.
• Titanium casting could be obtained using the experimental
investment mixed with a 1% K2SO4 solution, and the
reaction layer thickness of the casting was less than 200
μm.
The results suggest that the experimental investment
mixed with 1% K2SO4showed acceptable physical
properties and casting characteristics for titaniumcasting.
Reza F, Dent Mater J,2009,28 (3)301-306

Experimental Binder-free Investments
Reused to Cast Dental Precious Alloys
• This study aimed to develop reusable dental investments.

SiO2 and MgO were selected as refractory materials to prepare
three types of investment (coded as 60S-40M, 80S-20M, 100S)
with 40, 20, and 0 wt% of MgO. Each type of investment was
reused twice.
• .It was found that although MgO strengthened the mold, it had
little influence on expansion. The strength of 60S-40M was the
highest, and 100S had the greatest advantage with regard to
thermal expansion.
• Among the experimental binder-free investments reused for
dental casting in this study, 100S in particular showed to be a
good candidate for repeated fabrication of precision fit castings.
Zhang Z,Dent Mater J,2006 Sep;25(3);553-9
Marginal Accuracy of Castings Fabricated with
Ringless Casting Investment System and Metal Ring
Casting Investment System: A Comparative Study.
• The purpose of this study was to compare

the marginal discrepancy of castings produced
with the ringless casting technique and the
conventional technique using the metal rings
were compared.
• The ringless casting technique had produced
better marginal accuracy compared with
conventional casting technique. Ringless casting
system can be used routinely for clinical purpose.
M Kalavathi,J of Contemp Dent Pract,2016 Feb ;17(2)165-170
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Investment materials

•The adoption of casting practice in dentistry

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

1) A wax pattern of the object to be

Craig's Restorative Dental Materials: 13th edition

Investment can be defined as ceramic

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

 Based on Silica Type:

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

• Type 1- Thermal Expansion

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

The beta allotropic form are stable only above the

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

The measured quantity of powder and water is

Basic Dental Materials; John J Manappallil, 4th edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

• The expansion which occurs when the

Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

• Refractory (80%)-Quartz, Cristoballite

• Binder-magnesium oxide, mono ammonium

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

• Colloidal Silica Suspension

• For a base metal alloy 33% dilution of silica is

Robert Craig-Restorative Dental Materials:13th Edition

NH4H2PO4 + MgO + 5H2O NH4MgPO4. 6H2O

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Heated from 300º C to 650º C

Heated above 1040º C

• The end product are Mg2P2O7 along with

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

• Unlike gypsum investments, phosphate

Craig's Restorative dental materials:13th edition

• When phosphate bonded investment material

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

1. Altering Liquid Powder

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

• The combined setting and thermal expansion

Anusavice : Philip’s Science of Dental Materials,12th Edition

TEMPERATURE MIXING TIME

William J O’Brien,Dental Materials and their Selections -4th

-Less popular type of investment material