CE8007

Traffic Engineering and Management

AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is a
major environmental
health problem affecting everyone.
It occurs when the environment is
contaminated by any chemical,
physical or biological agent that
modifies the natural characteristics
of the atmosphere.
 VEHICULAR POLLUTION

       
 Automobile air pollution are emissions from cars and
other vehicular traffic consisting chiefly of carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, unburned gasoline, carbon dioxide and lead.
 TRAFFIC AND AIR POLLUTION

 WHAT CAUSES TRAFFIC?

The truth is that traffic congestion is caused by multiple causes and
here they are not in the order of importance. Some common causes are as follows:
 Accidents.
 Road works.
 Long run of traffic lights.
 Busy days.
 Inadequate green time.
Modes of Transport and their percentage of pollution
emission .

Marine Transportation
7%

Air Transportation
29%

Road Transportation
64%
Evil Effects of Air
Pollution
 Smog.
 Acid Rain.
 Green house effects.
 Ozone layer Depletion.
 Health effects.
 WHO estimates that around 7 million people
die every year from exposure to polluted air.
Ambient air pollution alone caused some 4.2
million deaths in 2016, while household air
pollution from cooking with polluting fuels
and technologies caused an estimated 3.8
million deaths in the same period.
HOW MUCH AIR POLLUTION COMES
FROM CAR?

 When cars burn gasoline, they emit pollutants. Gasoline fumes escape into the air even when we pump gasoline into our fuel tanks.

 There are four major pollutants that come from cars:

1. A car emits carbon monoxide when the carbon in fuel doesn't burn completely.

2. A car's exhaust emits hydrocarbons, a toxic compound of hydrogen and carbon.
3. When fuel burns, nitrogen and oxygen react with each other and form nitrogen oxides (NOx).
4. Particulate matter -- small particles of foreign substances -- in the air contribute to atmospheric haze and can damage people’s
lungs.
 The percentage of air pollution caused by cars is higher in urban areas and higher still near major highways.
 WHAT COMES OUT OF EXHAUST PIPE

 CARBON DIOXIDE.
 NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
 SULPHUR DIOXIDE.
 SMOG.
Vehicle Emissions
AIR QUALITY INDEX

 The air quality index (AQI) is an index for reporting air quality on a daily basis. It is a measure of
how air pollution affects one's health within a short time period. The purpose of the AQI is to help
people know how the local air quality impacts their health.
 The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern.
For example, an AQI value of 50 or below represents good air quality, while an AQI value over 300
represents hazardous air quality.
AIR QUALITY INDEX
POLLUTION INDEX WEBSITE: https://aqicn.org
AQI OF COIMBATORE AQI OF NEW DELHI
 AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION

 Automotive emissions in aggravating the air pollution and various causes of the genesis and exodus of these
pollutants have been identified and methods to control them have been outlined.
 The three main types of automotive vehicles being used in our country are:
 Passenger cars powered by four stroke gasoline engines
 Motor cycles scooters and autorickshaws powered mostly by small two stroke engines.
 Large buses and trucks powered mostly by four stroke diesel engines.
 Emissions from gasoline powered vehicles are generally classified as:
 Exhaust emissions  Crank case emissions  Evaporative emissions
 The amount of pollutants that an automobile emits depends on a number of factors including the design and operation.
 Diesel powered engines create relatively minor pollution problems compared to gasoline powered ones.
 The major problems of diesel engines are smoke and odor.
 GASOLINE

 Gasoline or petrol is a derivative product of crude

oil/petroleum. It is derived during fractional distillation
process and has a translucent liquid form. It's not
used in its crude form. Different additives are added
like ethanol to use it as fuel for passenger vehicles.
 The important exhaust emissions from
a gasoline engine are
 carbon monoxide
 unburnt hydrocarbons
 nitrogen oxide and
 particulates.
 A gasoline car typically uses a spark-ignited internal combustion engine,
rather than the compression-ignited systems used in diesel vehicles. In a
spark-ignited system, the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and
combined with air. The air/fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from the spark
plug.
 Gasoline is dangerous for your health because it's toxic. Exposure
to gasoline, either through physical contact or inhalation, can cause
health problems. The effects of gasoline poisoning can harm every major
organ.
 Gasoline and the Environment:
 Gasoline is a toxic and highly flammable liquid.
 The vapors given off when gasoline evaporates and the substances
produced when gasoline is burned (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
particulate matter, and unburned hydrocarbons) contribute to air
pollution.
 Burning gasoline also produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
GLOBAL WARMING DUE TO VEHICULAR
EMISSION

 For over 200 years, humanity has powered itself with fossil fuels like oil and coal. We’ve seen an enormous
amount of development and progress—but at an incredible cost.
 When burnt, fossil fuels all release carbon dioxide, which acts like a blanket around the earth.
 Global warming endangers our health, jeopardizes our national security, and threatens other basic human
needs. Some impacts—such as record high temperatures, rising seas, and severe flooding and droughts—are
already increasingly common.
 Our personal vehicles are a major cause of global warming. Collectively, cars and trucks account for nearly
one-fifth of all US emissions, emitting around 24 pounds of carbon dioxide and other global-warming gases
for every gallon of gas. About five pounds comes from the extraction, production, and delivery of the fuel,
while the great bulk of heat-trapping emissions—more than 19 pounds per gallon—comes right out of a car’s
tailpipe.
GLOBAL WARMING and GREEN HOUSE
EFFECTS
HOW TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION FROM
CARS AND TRUCKS?
HOW TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION FROM
CARS AND TRUCKS?

 From walking to work to carpooling, there are lots of ways you can reduce your impact.
 Since most pollution from cars and trucks is due to the burning of fuel, you can reduce pollution from these sources by
burning less fuel, burning fuel cleaner and burning cleaner fuel.
 Burn less fuel
 Next time you purchase a vehicle, buy the most fuel efficient vehicle that meets your average daily needs, preferably one
that is rated at 32 MPG or more. Rent or borrow a larger vehicle or trailer for the occasional large load
 If you have more than one vehicle, use the most fuel-efficient one possible
 Use transit and car- or van-pool as often as you can. Doing so three times a week can reduce your fuel consumption up to
50%.
 Bike or walk to avoid fuel use entirely.
 Accelerate gradually — a smooth start uses less fuel
 Ways To Reduce Air Pollution

Ways to be a greener driver

1.Use a cleaning agent
2.Use better fuel
3.Change the oil
4.Change the air filter
5.Check your tyre pressure
6.Air conditioning system
7.Reduce idle time
8.Change your driving style
9.Avoid unnecessary driving
10.
Maintain your vehicle aerodynamic efficiency
11.
Change your car
12.
Get a 'Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate' for your vehicle
13.
Switch off the engine when the traffic light is Red
14.
Try to avoid rush-hour traffic
15.
Last but not the least - walk!
Interventions to reduce traffic The one-hit solution
congestion •Widen roads
•Optimize traffic-light management •Narrow roads
•Use CCTV to monitor road conditions •Add bus lanes
•Enforce existing road traffic laws •Remove bus lanes
•Improve perceptions of buses •Build tunnels
•Extend residents’ parking zones •Build a new ring road
•Charge for workplace parking •Build a light rail network
•Improve cycling infrastructure •Switch off traffic lights
•Improve bus services •Ban cycling
•Develop and refine park-and-ride •Ban cars from city centers
•Use Inbound Flow Control •Close through-routes to private vehicles
•Rationalize distribution and deliveries •Close car parks
•Existing rail network •Build more car parks
•Light rail •Build more park-and-rides
•Strategic Road Network resilience •Make buses free
•Road pricing •Make park-and-ride free
•Introduce a congestion charge/road
pricing
AIR POLLUTION GUIDELINES BY WHO
(WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/wsh-och-searo/what-to-do-when-there-is-
an-air-pollution-alert-2019-pdf.pdf?sfvrsn=de2f711a_2
“First Let’s make the world a better
place to breathe”

THANK YOU
Presentation By

S.A.Ragasamyuktha