Economic

Globalization and
Sustainable
Development
LACK OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY (the
degree to which the  the development of our
earth's resources can world today by using the
be used for our needs earth's resources and
even in the future) the preservation or such
sources for the future
 is one of the
significant Borghesi and Vercelli (2008)
downsides to
globalize trade and  Sustainable development is one
perhaps the significant global response or
strongest argument approach to economic
against economic globalization which seeks to
globalization chart a middle path between
economic growth and a
sustainable environment
 
The relationship between
globalization and sustainability
is multidimensional- it involves economic,
political, and technological aspects.

 The continuous production of the world's natural resources,

such as water and fossil fuel allows humanity to discover
and innovate many things.

 We were able to utilize energy, discover new technologies,

and make advancements in transportation and
communication.
 positive effects of development put our environment at a
disadvantage. Climate change accelerated and global
inequality was not eradicated. This means that development,
although beneficial at one hand, entails cost on the other.
 Environmental
Degredation
 Development, especially economic development, was
hastened by the Industrial revolution. This is the
period in human history that made possible the cycle

Efficiency -finding quickest possible way of

producing large amounts of a particular
product.
  　 Earth’s atmospheric is
damaged by more carbon
emissions from factories
around the world.
This cycle harms the planet in a
number of ways.

 　 Destruction of coral reefs

and marine biodiversity as
more wastes thrown into the
ocean.
Deforestation, pollution and climate change will not adjust for us,
especially if increases in living standards lead people to demand
more consumer goods like cars, meat and smartphones.
 

 Harvey (2005) ー　 noted
that neoliberals and
environmentalists debate
the impact of free trade on
the environment .
 Antonio (2007) ー　 these approaches.
Environmentalists argue that
environmental issues should
be given priority over
economic issues.
 Free trade ー　 is associated
with environmental damage
through its emphasis on
expansion of manufacturing.
Neoliberals see efforts
of the
environmentalist as
serious impediments
to trade and some
seek to intergrate
 Yearley (2007) ー
　 ecological
modernization
theory sees
globalization as a
process that can
both protect and
enhance the
environment.
 Armitage (2005) ー Kyoto  Barrionuevo
Protocol aimed at a reduction (2007) ー　 stated
of global carbon emissions, that the use of
but failed to take off largely ethanol as an
•
because it was not ratified by alternative to
the United States. gasoline has an
attendant set of
ー momentum is being built up problems ー it is
in corporate circles in dealing less efficient and it
with environmental problems. has a led to an
  escalation in the
 Ritzer (2015) ー　 there are price of corn, which
significant challenges involved currently serves as
in implementing various a major source of
measures such as "carbon tax" ethanol.
and "carbon neutrality" to deal
with environmental problems.
 ー biofuels themselves
produce lower emissions,
their extraction snd  Instead of dealing
transport contribute with the causes of
significantly to total global warming,
emissions. there are some
 Previous experience in dealing interest in
with environmental issues "technological
indicates that a global view of fixes" such as
the problem is required. geoengineering
(Dean, 2007).

 focus on specific regions, such

as Europe, overlooks impacts
in other regions.
 FOOD
SECURITY

The demand for food will be 60% greater than it is

today and the challenge for food security requires the
world to feed nine billion people by 2050 (Breene,
2016).
Introduction to Food Security
  It means delivering sufficient
What is Global food to the entire world
Food Security? population. Therefore, it is a
priority of all countries,
whether developed or less
developed.

 It also refers to sustainability

of the society such as
population growth, climate
change, water scarcity and
agriculture.
 India's issue of food security (Breene, 2016)

Agriculture accounts for 18% of the economy's output and 47% of

its workforce. India is the second biggest producer of fruits and
vegetables in the world. However, according to the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, some 194
million Indians are undernourished which is the largest number of
hungry people in a single country. An estimated 15.2% of the
population of India are too malnourished to lead a normal life. A
third of the world's malnourished children live in India.

Environment: Closest Aspect
of Human Life associated with
Food Security
The challenges of food
security can be traced to
the protection of the
environment.
 A major
environmental
problem is the
destruction of
natural habitats,
particularly through
deforestation
(Diamond, 2006).
 Industrial fishing has
contributed to a significant
destruction of marine life and
ecosystem (Goldburg, 2008).
 Biodiversity and usable
farmland have also declined at
a rapid pace.
 Another significant
environmental challenge is the
decline in the availability of
fresh water (Conca, 2006).
According to Glantz (1977),
the decline in water supply is
caused by the degradation of
soil or desertification.
 Desertification The problem was intensified
even more with the consumption
is the process by which of "virtual water", where people
natural or human inadvertently use up water from
causes reduce the elsewhere in the world through
biological productivity of the consumption of water-
drylands (arid and semi- intensive products (Ritzer, 2015).
arid lands). With this virtual water concept,
This decline in water had countries with limited water
transformed public good resources are allowed to rely on
into a privatized commodity. the water resources of other
Poorest areas of the globe countries in order to meet the
experience disproportionate needs of their inhabitants, which
share of water -related enables them to be dependent
problems. on others' economies.
Destruction of water ecosystem leads to the creation of
climate refugees, people who are forced to migrate due to lack
of access to water or because of flooding (Ritzer, 2015).
 LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT:

 The use of persistent organic

pollutants (POPs) led to
significant industrial pollution
(Dinham, 2007).
 Greenhouse gases (gases that
trap sunlight and heat in the
earth's atmosphere)
contributed to global warming.
Global warming is a gradual increase in the overall
temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to
the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon
dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.
Global warming causes the melting of land-based and glacial ice
with potentially catastrophic effects (Revkin, 2008), such as
substantial flooding, reduction in alkalinity of oceans, and
destruction of existing ecosystems. It poses a threat to global
supply of food, as well as to human health (Brown, 2007).
Projected increase in temperature, changes in precipitation
patterns, reduction of water availability and extreme weather
events could reduce the agricultural productivity of the country.
When it comes to human health, global warming can also cause
diseases such as diarrhea, malaria and other cardiovascular and
respiratory illnesses and even increase the rate of malnutrition.
 Population growth and the increase in consumption, as well
as the global flow of dangerous debris with electronic waste
often dumped in developing countries also add up to the
concerns regarding ecological problems.

One way to address the issue of global food security is through

sustainability. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the
United Nations (UN) includes the eradication of hunger, achieving
food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable
agriculture. The World Economic Forum also addressed the issue
through the New Vision of Agriculture (NVA) in 2009, wherein public-
private partnerships were established. It has released over $10
billion that reached the smallholder farmers. According to Breene
(2016), the main objectives of the forum is to establish cooperation
and exchange knowledge among farmers, government, civil society
and even private sectors in both regional and national levels.
Economic
Globalization,
Poverty, and
Inequality
The Swedish statistician Hans Rosling once said - "The 1
to 2 billion poorest in the world who don't have food for
the day suffer from the worst disease, globalization
deficiency. The way globalization is occurring could be
much better, but the worst thing is not being part of it."
 Economic and trade globalization
is the result of companies trying
to outmaneuver their
competitors.
While you search for the
cheapest place to buy shoes,
companies search for the
cheapest place to make those
shoes. They find the cheapest
sources of leather, dye, rubber,
and of course, labor. The result is
that labor-intensive products like
shoes are often produced in
countries with the lowest wages
and the weakest regulations.
 the low wage foreign workers
A lot of workers are thrown into
The winners: hazardous working conditions but
it is
Include corporations also true that many workers in
and their stockholders developing countries are at least
who earn more profit. making more
They also include money. These jobs pay above
consumers who get average
The losers: wages. People want
Thewinners:

products at a cheaper these jobs and

price. although the pay would be
unacceptable in developed
countries, they are often
The losers: the best alternative.
The high wage workers who used
to make those shoes.
Global Citizenship
Citizenship ー Associated with rights and
obligation, for instance, the right to vote and the
obligation to pay taxes.

ー Both rights and obligation link the individual

to the state. Also, it has to do with our attitudes.
How can the idea of
citizenship be transferred
to the global level ?
Caecilia Johanna van
Peski (as cited in
Baraldi, 2012) defined
global citizenship;
"As a moral and ethical
disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or
groups of local and global
contexts, and remind them to
their relative responsibilities
within various communities.”
 Global citizens are the glue
which binds local communities
together in an increasingly
globalized world.
 In van Peski's words, "global
citizens might be a new type of
people that can travel within
these various boundaries and
somehow still make sense of
the world" (Baraldi,2012).
 
Global citizenship does not
automatically entail single
 The bottom billion lacks
attitude and a particular
infrastructure has been
value with globalization.
disenfranchised.
Globalization is not single
phenomenon; rather, there
are many globalizations.  Opponent of globalization
They are bound to be blame either Westernization or
multiple futures for Global Capitalism.
multiple globalizations.
These Globalization is
created enemies because  Enemies resist Globalization,
globalization failed to especially when it comes to
deliver its promises (Cohen, global economy and global
2006). governance.
Three approaches to global economic resistance

1. Trade Protectionism

ー It Involves the systematic government intervention in foreign

trade through tariffs and non-tariffs barriers in order to encourage
domestic producer and determine their foreign competitors
(McAleese,2007).

ー Although there exists a widespread consensus regarding

its inefficiency, trade protectionism is still popular since it shields
the domestic economy from systemic shocks.
 2. Free trade
ー Different approach to economic globalization, which
emerged as a counter to neoliberal "free trade" principles
(Nicholls and Opal, 2005).

ー It aims at a more moral and equitable global economic

system in which, for instance, price is not set by the market;
instead, it negotiated transparently by both producers and
consumers. While it is popular among consumers in North, it
has met only limited acceptance among producers (Ritzer,
2015).
ー Its ability to supply a mass and its applicability to
manufacture products are also doubted.
3. Helping the bottom billion

ー Third form of resistance to economic globalization based on

Collier (2007).

ー Increasing trade is the only one of many measures that are

required. International norms and standards can be adapted to
the needs of the bottom billion.

ー Reduction of trade barriers would also reduce the

economic marginalization of these people and their nations.
 Key issues when it comes to dealing with political
globalization(Germain, 2004):

 Increased accountability
 Transparency

All political organizations, at different levels, should be more

accountable for their actions because they are now surrounded by
an "ocean of opacity" (Holzner and Holzner, 2006 p.336).
 Like globalization, resistance to
Increased transparency has globalization is multiple,
been aided by various complex, contradictory, and
mechanisms such as: ambiguous. This movement also
has the potential to emerge as
new public sphere, which may
 Transnational Justice uphold progressive values such
Systems as autonomy, democracy, peace,
 International ecological sustainability, and
Tribunals social justice. These forces of
 Civil Society resistance are themselves are
 Transparency product of globalization and can
International be seen as globalization from
below (Smith, 2008).
 However, globalization
from below also
involves less visible,
more right wing
elements such as: Significant influence in WSF has
been that of cyberactivism, which
- America First Party
is based on the "cultural logic of
- Taliban
networking" (Juris, 2005) and
World Social Forum (WSF)
"virtual movements" such as
-centered on addressing the
Global Huaren.
lack of democracy in
economic and political
affairs (Fisher and Ponniah,
2003).
-diversity involved in WSF
hinders the development of
concrete political proposals.
This cyber public was formed as
a protest against the violence,
discrimination and hatred
experienced by Chinese residents
in Indonesia after the 1997 Asian
financial crisis. In 1998,
worldwide rallies condemning the
violence were made possible
through the Global Huaren which
according to Ritzer (2005),
"became an interesting global
watchdog for Chinese Interests".
 
Since there is no single
globalization, the future is also
multi-dimentional. Some
forsee the continuing
expansion of globalization both
in general as well as in more
specific globalization. Others
have a more pessimistic
version of "Mad Max"
scenarios that could end the
current era of globalization
(Turner, 2007).
In any case, given that there is no world government, the
idea of global citizenship demands the creation of rights and
obligations. Moreover, fulfilling the promises of globalization
and the solution to the problems of the contemporary world
does not lie on single entity or individual, but on citizens, the
community, and the different organizations in societies.
 The dynamics of globalization demands the efforts of
the whole array of:

1. Inter-governmental organizations (United Nations

and World Bank)

2. International NGOs (Green Peace and Amnesty

International)

3. Citizen initiatives and community action groups that

reach above the nation-state level (World Social Forum
and Occupy Movement)

Ultimately, reforms in global governance are required to allow

world citizens to take more part directly in all aspects of
human life in the global level.
 
THANK YOU!