6-Surplus Konsumen & Produsen

7
6-surplus konsumen & produsen

Mankiw, N.Gregory. 1998. Principles of Economics.
Hartcourt Brace & Company.
(Terjemahan oleh Haris Munandar & Emil Salim. 2000. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta)
Dr. Yunastiti Pyrwaningsih, MP

Copyright © 2004 South-Western
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Welfare Economics
• Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of
resources affects economic well-being…ekonomi
kesejahteraan : studi tentang alokasi sumber daya yang
mempengaruhi kesejahteraan ekonomi.
• Buyers and sellers receive benefits from taking part in the
market…pembeli dan penjual menerima benefit dari
pasar
• The equilibrium in a market maximizes the total
welfare of buyers and sellers….eq pasar :
memaksimalkan kesejahteraan toal bagi pembeli dan
penjual
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Welfare Economics
• Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits,
and therefore maximum total welfare for both the
consumers and the producers of the product…eq pasar
menghasilkan benefit maksimum dan kesejahteraan
konsumen dan produsen
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Welfare Economics
• Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from
the buyer’s side…surplus konsumen = SK = CS :
kesejahteraan konsumen
• Producer surplus measures economic welfare from the
seller’s side… suplus produsen = PS = SP :
kesejahteraan produsen
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CONSUMER SURPLUS
• Willingness to pay is the maximum amount that a
buyer will pay for a good…kemauan membayar
• It measures how much the buyer values the good or
service…mengukur nilai pembeli
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CONSUMER SURPLUS
• Consumer surplus is the buyer’s willingness to pay
for a good minus the amount the buyer actually
pays for it : CS = WTP - P.
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Table 1 Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay
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Copyright©2004 South-Western
CONSUMER SURPLUS
• The market demand curve depicts the various
quantities that buyers would be willing and able to
purchase at different prices….kurva demand :
berbagai jumlah yang akan dibeli pada berbagai
tingkat harga
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The Demand Schedule and the
Demand Curve
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Figure 1 The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve
Price of
Album
$100 John ’s willingness to pay
80 Paul ’ s willingness to pay

70 George ’s willingness to pay
50 Ringo ’s willingness to pay
Demand
0 1 2 3 4 Quantity of
Albums yst_stm
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 2 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand
Curve
(a) Price = $80

Price of
Album
$100
John ’s consumer surplus ($20)
80
70
50
Demand
Albums
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Figure 2 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand
Curve
(b) Price = $70

Price of
Album
$100
John ’s consumer surplus ($30)
80
Paul ’s consumer
70 surplus ($10)
Total
50 consumer
surplus ($40)
Demand
Albums
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Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer
Surplus
• The area below the demand curve and above the
price measures the consumer surplus in the
market….. SK : area di bawah kurva demand di atas
harga
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Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer
Surplus
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What Does Consumer Surplus Measure?
• Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are

willing to pay for a good minus the amount they
actually pay for it, measures the benefit that buyers
receive from a good as the buyers themselves
perceive it.
• CS : WTP pembeli – P
• Benefit bagi pembeli
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PRODUCER SURPLUS
• Producer surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a
good minus the seller’s cost …. SP = P - cost.
• It measures the benefit to sellers participating in a
market…benefit bagi penjual
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Table 2 The Costs of Four Possible Sellers
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Copyright©2004 South-Western
Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer
Surplus
• Just as consumer surplus is related to the demand
curve, producer surplus is closely related to the
supply curve.
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The Supply Schedule and the Supply
Curve
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Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer
Surplus
• The area below the price and above the supply
curve measures the producer surplus in a
market…..SP : area di bawah harga di atas kurva
supply
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MARKET EFFICIENCY
• Consumer surplus and producer surplus may be
used to address the following question:
• Is the allocation of resources determined by free markets

in any way desirable?...apakah alokasi sumber
daya yang ditentukan melalui pasar bebas
memang yang diinginkan?
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MARKET EFFICIENCY
Consumer Surplus
= Value to buyers – Amount paid by buyers
SK = nilai pembeli - P
and
Producer Surplus
= Amount received by sellers – Cost to sellers
SP = P - biaya penjual
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MARKET EFFICIENCY
Total surplus
= Consumer surplus + Producer surplus
ST = SK + SP
or
Total surplus
= Value to buyers – Cost to sellers
ST = nilai pembeli – biaya penjual
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MARKET EFFICIENCY
• Efficiency is the property of a resource allocation
of maximizing the total surplus received by all
members of society…efisien : alokasi sumber
daya yang memaksimalkan surplus total yang
diterima oleh anggota masyarakat
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MARKET EFFICIENCY
• In addition to market efficiency, a social planner
might also care about equity – the fairness of the
distribution of well-being among the various
buyers and sellers…pembuat kebijakan harus
memperhatikan keadilan – distribusi yang fair
diantara pembeli dan penjual
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Figure 7 Consumer and Producer Surplus in the Market
Equilibrium
Price A
D
Supply
Consumer
surplus
Equilibrium E
price
Producer
surplus
Demand
B
0 Equilibrium Quantity
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quantity
MARKET EFFICIENCY
• Three Insights Concerning Market Outcomes
• Free markets allocate the supply of goods to the buyers who value
them most highly, as measured by their willingness to pay (supply
: jumlah yang ditawarkan pada harga tertinggi, diukur
dengan WTP).
• Free markets allocate the demand for goods to the sellers who can
produce them at least cost (demand : jumlah yang diminta pada
ongkos terendah) .
• Free markets produce the quantity of goods that maximizes the
sum of consumer and producer surplus..pasar bebas
memproduksi jumlah baang yang memaksimumkan SK dan
SP
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Figure 8 The Efficiency of the Equilibrium Quantity
Price
Supply
Value Cost
to to
buyers sellers
Cost Value
to to
sellers buyers Demand
0 Equilibrium Quantity
quantity
Value to buyers is greater Value to buyers is less

than cost to sellers. than cost to sellers. yst_stm
Evaluating the Market Equilibrium
• Because the equilibrium outcome is an efficient

allocation of resources, the social planner can leave
the market outcome as he/she finds it.
• This policy of leaving well enough alone goes by
the French expression laissez faire.
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• Market Power
• If a market system is not perfectly competitive, market
power may result… pasar yang tidak bersaing
menghasilkan kekuatan pasar
• Market power is the ability to influence prices…
kemampuan mepengaruhi harga
• Market power can cause markets to be inefficient
because it keeps price and quantity from the
equilibrium of supply and demand…mengakibatkan
pasar tidak efisien
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• Externalities
• created when a market outcome affects individuals other than
buyers and sellers in that market.
• cause welfare in a market to depend on more than just the value
to the buyers and cost to the sellers.
Eksternalitas
• Terjadi manakala hasil aktivitas pasar berdampak pada
pihak lain, selain pembeli dan penjual
• Menyebabkan kesejahteraan pasar tergantung pada lebih
dari nilai pembeli dan nilai yang diterima penjual
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• When buyers and sellers do not take externalities

into account when deciding how much to consume
and produce, the equilibrium in the market can be
inefficient.
manakala pembeli dan penjual tidak menghitung

eksternalitas, maka pasar menjadi tidak efisien
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Summary
• Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay
for a good minus the amount they actually pay for
it.
• Consumer surplus measures the benefit buyers get
from participating in a market.
• Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the
area below the demand curve and above the price.
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Summary
• Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive
for their goods minus their costs of production.
• Producer surplus measures the benefit sellers get
from participating in a market.
• Producer surplus can be computed by finding the
area below the price and above the supply curve.
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Summary
• An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of
consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient.
• Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as
well as the equity, of economic outcomes.
• The equilibrium of demand and supply maximizes the sum
of consumer and producer surplus.
• This is as if the invisible hand of the marketplace leads
buyers and sellers to allocate resources efficiently.
• Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence
of market failures.
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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
1. Explain how buyers’ willingness to pay, consumer surplus,

and the demand curve are related.
2. Explain how sellers’ costs, producer surplus, and the supply
curve are related.
3. In a supply-and-demand diagram, show producer and
consumer surplus in the market equilibrium.
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PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS
1. Melissa buys an iPod for $120 and gets consumer

surplus of $80.
a. What is her willingness to pay?
b. If she had bought the iPod on sale for $90, what
would her consumer surplus have been?
c. If the price of an iPod were $250, what would her
consumer surplus have been?
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4. It is a hot day, and Bert is thirsty. Here is the value he

places on a bottle of water:
 Value of first bottle $7
 Value of second bottle $5
 Value of third bottle $3
 Value of fourth bottle $1
a. From this information, derive Bert’s demand schedule.

Graph his demand curve for bottled water.
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b. If the price of a bottle of water is $4, how many bottles

does Bert buy? How much consumer surplus does Bert get
from his purchases? Show Bert’s consumer surplus in your
graph.
c. If the price falls to $2, how does quantity demanded
change? How does Bert’s consumer surplus change? Show
these changes in your graph.
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9. Suppose a technological advance reduces the cost of making computers.
a. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram to show what happens to price, quantity,
consumer surplus, and producer surplus in the market for computers.
b. Computers and adding machines are substitutes. Use a supply-and-demand diagram
to show what happens to price, quantity, consumer surplus, and producer surplus in
the market for adding machines. Should adding machine producers be happy or sad
about the technological advance in computers?
c. Computers and software are complements. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram to
show what happens to price, quantity, consumer surplus, and producer surplus in
the market for software. Should software producers be happy or sad about the
technological advance in computers?
d. Does this analysis help explain why software producer Bill Gates is one of the
world’s richest men?
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11. The supply and demand for broccoli are described by the following
equations:
Supply: QS = 4P – 80
Demand: QD = 100 – 2P.
Q is in bushels, and P is in dollars per bushel.
a. Graph the supply curve and the demand curve. What is the
equilibrium price and quantity?
b. Calculate consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus at
the equilibrium.
c. If a dictator who hated broccoli were to ban the vegetable, who
would bear the larger burden—the buyers or sellers of broccoli?
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 Musim dingin yang datang terlalu cepat di California

mengakibatkan jeruk yang ditanam disana menjadi terlalu
masam. Apa yang akan terjadi dengan Surplus Konsumen
(SK) di pasar jeruk ? Lalu apa yang akan terjadi dengan
Surplus Konsumen (SK) di pasar minuman sari jeruk ?
Ilustrasikan jawaban anda dengan kurva.

6-Surplus Konsumen & Produsen

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7

6-surplus konsumen & produsen

Dr. Yunastiti Pyrwaningsih, MP

$100 John ’s willingness to pay

80 Paul ’ s willingness to pay

50 Ringo ’s willingness to pay

(a) Price = $80

(b) Price = $70

• Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are

• Is the allocation of resources determined by free markets

Value to buyers is greater Value to buyers is less

• Because the equilibrium outcome is an efficient

• When buyers and sellers do not take externalities

manakala pembeli dan penjual tidak menghitung

1. Explain how buyers’ willingness to pay, consumer surplus,

1. Melissa buys an iPod for $120 and gets consumer

4. It is a hot day, and Bert is thirsty. Here is the value he

a. From this information, derive Bert’s demand schedule.

b. If the price of a bottle of water is $4, how many bottles

 Musim dingin yang datang terlalu cepat di California

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