COMPUTER

CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 1
 1. to have deep understanding of
the computer and its
characteristics, capabilities and
limitations;
Learning 2. to understand the evolution of
Objectives computers and appreciate the
technology we have today;
3. to identify the classifications of
computers and give examples for
each.

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Introduction

Today, all people use

computer and rely on
computer to perform
their tasks for personal
or professional.

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 THE
COMPUTER
Topic 1
 Refers to an electronic device that
accepts data and instructions,
performs logical and mathematical
operations and generates the
outputs of the processing.

COMPUTER

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 Characteristics and Capabilities of Computer

Speed Accuracy Diligence Versality

No IQ
Power of
(Intelligence No Feelings Storage
Remembering
Quotient)

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SPEED
•Computer can work very
fast. It takes only few
seconds calculations that we
hours to complete.
•Computer can perform
millions (1,000,000) of
instructions and even more
per second.
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 ACCURACY
•The degree of accuracy of
computer is very high and every
calculation is performed with
the same accuracy.

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 DILIGENCE
A computer is free from tiredness, lack
of concentration, fatigue, etc. it can
work for hours without creating any
error.

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VERSALITY
•It means capability to perform
completely different type of
work. You may use your
computer to prepare payroll
slips.

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 POWER OF
REMEMBERING
•Computer has the power of
storing any amount of
information or data. Any
information can be stored and
recalled as long as you require
it, for any numbers of years.

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No IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
•Computer is dumb
machine, and it cannot do
any without instructions
from the user. It performs
the instructions at
tremendous speed and with
accuracy.

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 No Feelings
•It does not have feelings or
emotion, taste, knowledge
and experience. Thus it does
not get tired even after hours
of work. It does not
distinguish between users.

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 Storage
The compare has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data.
You can also store data in secondary storage devices.

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EVOLUTION
OF
COMPUTERS
Topic 2
 PRE-MODERN ERA

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

(1951-1958) 
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1959-1963)
Timeline THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1964-1970)
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1971-present)
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(Future)
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Pre-Modern Era
Manual-Mechanical Devices
Are devices that are operated manually
by the user. The examples of manual-
mechanics devices are:
1. ABACUS
It is also called counting frame and
its considered as the first man-made
computing device. It uses beads and
it was invented in China.

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 Pre-Modern Era: Manual-
Mechanical devices
2. Napier’s Bones
It is manually-operated
device used for
calculating products
and quotients. It was
invented by John
Napier

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Pre-Modern Era: Manual-
Mechanical devices
3. Oughtred’s Slide Rule
It is mechanical analog
computer consist of
movable bars with a
precise scale which uses
approximations for solving
problems like
multiplication, division
roots logarithms and trigo.

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 4. Pascaline Calculator
Pre-Modern Era: It is also called Adding Machine. It wheels
Manual- that used to add and subtract two numbers.
It was invented by Blaise Pascal
Mechanical
devices
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 Pre-Modern Era: Manual-
Mechanical devices
5. Leibniz Calculator
It is also called stepped
drum and is considered the
improved Pascaline which is
could multiply and divide. It
was invented by Gottfried
Leibniz.

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 6. Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines
Pre-Modern Era: These engines embodied most of the design of modem
Manual- computers. The difference engine can compute tables and
the Analytical engine is completely automatic and is
Mechanical capable of calculating any mathematical problems.

devices
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Pre-Modern Era
Electro-Mechanical Devices
Refer to mechanical devices powered
by electronic motor and use switches
and relays. The examples are:
1. Hollerith Card
It is first use of punched cards to
store data. It was developed by
Herman Hollerith

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Pre-Modern Era: Electro-
Mechanical Devices
2. Automatic Weaving
Loom
It uses the concept of
punched card to
control a sequence of
operation. It was
invented by Joseph
Marie Jacquard
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 Pre-Modern Era: Electro-
Mechanical Devices
3. Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
is the first general-
purpose electro-
mechanical computer and
it invented by Howard H.
Aiken
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Pre-Modern Era
Electronic Devices
Their principal components of
electronic devices are circuits boards,
transistors or silicon chips relays.
The examples the following:
1. ABC (Atanasoff-Berry-
Computer)
The first special digital computer
that solves simultaneous equations.
It was developed by John Atanasoff

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Pre-Modern Era:
Electronic Devices
3. Electronic Numerical
Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC)
The first fully electronic
general-purpose digital
computer ever compiled by
John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert.
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 Pre-Modern Era:
Electronic Devices
4. Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC)
It is completely internally
programmed machine. This is
simply the enhancement of
ENIAC to overcome its
limitations.
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 Pre-Modern Era:
Electronic Devices
4. Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator
it is known as Electronic Binary
Digital Computer that uses binary
representation of data and
internally stored program: the first
full-sized stored-program
computer, built at the University of
Cambridge. England by Maurice
Wilkes and others.
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First Generation
Computers (1951-1958)
The size of computers during
the first generation
computers are mainframes.
The major hardware
features are vacuum tubes
and magnetic drums and
the processing speed is
1,000 instructions per
second.
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First Generation
Computers (1951-1958)
Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC)
it is the first commercial
business computer and was
developed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.

IBM 701
it is the first generation IBM
computers.

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Second Generation
Computers (1959-1963)
The major hardware features of
second generation
computers are transistors
and magnetic core. Itsn
processing speed is
1,000,000 instructios per
second and the size is
mainframe

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 Second Generation
Computers (1959-1963)
TRADIC
it is the first
transistorized computer

More example are:

UNIVAC II, IBM 7070,
7090 and 1400 series
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 Third Generation
Computers (1964-1970)
During the third gen,
minicomputers already
became available. The major
hardware features are
integrated circuits or
“Chips” and the processing
speed is 10,000,000
instructions per second

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 Third Generation
Computers (1964-1970)
IBM System 360
it is the first general-
purpose machine
used in science and
business.

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 Fourth Generation
Computers (1971-present)
The size of computers varies
from mainframes,
minicomputers and
microcomputers.
The hardware features are
microprocessors and
minimum processing speed
is 100,000,000 instructions
per second.
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 Fourth Generation
Computers (1971-present)
Some of examples of fourth
generation of computers
are IBM System 370,
System 3090, IBM PC –
XT based computers,
Pentium series, Dual core,
Quad core and i series.

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CLASSIFICATI
ON OF
COMPUTERS
Topic 3
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

1 2 3
According to According to Data According to
Purpose Handled Capacity

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According to Purpose
General-purpose computers
• have the ability to store different
programs of instruction and thus,
perform a variety of operations.
• Ex. PC, Laptop and tablets.
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Special-purpose computers
• Are designed to perform one specific
task. The program of instructions is
built into, or permanently stored in the
machine.
• Ex. Highway tolls, air traffic control,
satellite tracking and atm machines
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According to Data Handled
Analog Computers
• Are used for scientific ,
engineering and process
control purposes
• Ex. Speedometer in auto
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Digital Computers
• Refer to machines that
specialize in counting. It
operates by counting values
that are discrete, or separate
and distinct
Presentation Title
Hybrid Computers
• It offers an efficient and
economical method of
working out special types
of problems in science and
various areas of
engineering.
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According to
Capacity
•Capacity refers to amount of data that
can be stored in memory, the speed of
internal operation of the computer,
capacity of storage devices and number
and types of peripheral devices.
• Microcomputers
• Minicomputers
• Mainframes
• Supercomputer

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Components of
Computer
System
Topic 4
Components of Computer System

1 2 3
Hardware Software Peopleware
Refers to the internal and Refers to a set of instructions Refers to the personnel involved
external physical compositions that is to be executed by the within the computer installation
of the computer computer called program. or could be anybody who wants
their job to be done using
computer

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