Electronic Devices and Circuits

Two Forms of Electronic Signals

• Analog Signals
– is a continuous signal which represents physical
measurements.
– E.g. Human voice in air, analog electronic devices.
 Two Forms of Electronic Signals
• Digital Signals
– Digital signals are discrete time signals generated
by digital modulation. ( using Binary Numbers)
– E.g. Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other digital electronic devices
 Applications of Electronics
1. Digital Electronics
2. Electric Power
3. Medical Electronics
4. Automotive Electronics
5. Industrial Electronics
6. Communications Electronics
 Classification of Electronics Components

1. Passive Components
– Do not have ability to amplify a signal
– Only dissipate a power from an external source
– Does not convert electrical signals such as ac-to-dc or vice
versa.
– Stores energy ( Voltage or Current Energy)
– Linear device
– Examples:
• Resistors
• Capacitor
• Inductor/Chokes/Transformer
 Classification of Electronics Components
2. Active Components
- have the ability to amplify electrical signals ( increase the energy or
power)
- have the ability to transform an energy ( ac-to-dc )
- needs power source to operate properly
- Non-linear Device
-examples:
- Semiconductor Diodes
- Transistors ( BJT or FET)
- Thyristors ( SCR/TRIAC)
- Vacuum Tubes ( Diodes/Triodes/Tetrode/Pentode)
- Display Devices ( CRT/ LCD)
Vacuum Tubes
 Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum tube is an electronic device that controls the flow of
electrons in a vacuum.
• It is also called as electron tube or valve.
• John Ambrose Fleming developed the first vacuum tube in
1904.
• Fleming’s diode allows the flow of electric current in only
one direction (from cathode to anode) and blocks the
electric current in another direction (from anode to
cathode).
• In 1907, American electrical engineer Lee De Forest invented
Audiotron vacuum tube. ( triode)
 Vacuum Tubes
• Thermionic Emission
– The process by which free electrons are emitted
from the surface of a metal when external heat
energy is applied.
– The process occurs in metals that are heated to a
very high temperature. In other words, thermionic
emission occurs, when large amount of external
energy in the form of heat is supplied to the free
electrons in the metals.
 Vacuum Tubes
• Types of Heater
– Directly-Heated Cathode
• The Cathode serves as heater and electron emitter
– In-directly Heated Cathode
• Composed of Heater and separate cathode as electron
emitter
 Types of Vacuum Tubes
1. Diode
- converts ac signal to dc signal ( Rectifier )
 Types of Vacuum Tubes
• Triode
– First electronic device capable of amplifying signal
 Types of Vacuum Tubes
• Tetrode
 Types of Vacuum Tubes
• Pentode
 Types of Vacuum Tubes
• Pentode ( Top View)
Semiconductor Doping