Chapter 11: Chi-Square as a Test

of Independence
Dr. Jameel Ahmed
Institute of Management Sciences
University of Balochistan, Quetta
11.2. Chi-Square of as a Test of Independence
• The Chi-square test of independence is used to
determine if there is a significant relationship
between two nominal (categorical) variables. .
• The chi-square test of independence can be used
to examine this relationship. 
• The null hypothesis for this test is that there is no
relationship between gender and empathy. 
• The alternative hypothesis is that there is a
relationship between gender and empathy (e.g.
there are more high-empathy females than high-
empathy males).
11.2. Chi-Square of as a Test of Independence

• The data can be displayed in a contingency table

where each row represents a category for one variable
and each column represents a category for the other
variable.
• Contingency table is a table having R rows and C
columns.
• Each row correspond to a level of one variable, each
column to a level of another variable.
• Entries in the body of the table are the frequencies
with which each variable combination occurred.
 11.2. Chi-Square of as a Test of Independence

• 6 Steps of Hypothesis Testing

1. State Null (H0) and Alternate (H1) Hypotheses
2. State Level of Significance (α)
3. State Test Statistic (formula)
4. Compute the value of test statistic
5. Decision Rule (Critical / Rejection Region)
6. Write down the conclusion
 11.2. Chi-Square of as a Test of Independence

• Test statistic used = Chi-square-test

– The Chi-Square Statistic
 Chi-Square as a Test of Independence

• Exercise 11.2: Page 581 Question 11.9

Given Data:
Note: Students are required to attempt the remaining questions
of Exercise 11.2.