Basic Well

Cementing
By Bayu Buana Natanagara
Personal
Information
bayu.natanagara.16@Aberdeen.ac.uk

Formal Education:
- Teknik Fisika, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
- Oil and Gas Engineering, University of Aberdeen, UK

Seniority: August 2010, start as Cementing Field Engineer

Schlumberger Current Responsibility:

- Drilling and Well Engineer for Swamp operation in Mahakam
 Agend
a
 Well Cementing Overview
 Cement Chemistry
 Cement Lab Testing and Additives
 Special Case
 Basic Cementing Calculation
 Q&A

3
 $$$

4
 5 Steps to
Heaven

5
 Main Objective of
Drilling
To get the hydrocarbon from
the reservoir to the surface in a
safe, Technically effective,
and cost efficient manner
Exploration
• Finding Petroleum

Development
• Drilling and Production

6
 Well
Cementing

Primary Cementing
• Cementing during drilling period
• With drilling rig

Remedial Cementing
• Cement plug
• Remedial squeeze cement

7
 Primary
Cementing
How to place the
cement?

Protect and support the casing

Isolate production zone from

other permeable zones

Prevent movement of “unwanted”

fluid
through annulus (well integrity
support)

8
 Cement
Placement

9
 Cement Unit Batch Mixer

Float Collar Float Shoe

Bow type centralizer

10
 References for
Cementing
Sharing Knowledge

API 10A

API RP 10B

API RP 65

Well
Cementing,
Nelson,
E.B., 1990

11
 Cement Class as per API
10A Class Depth (m) Properties

Ordinary (O) A 0-2000 General purpose when no special properties are required

B 0-2000 Sulphate Resistance

C 0-2000 Condition when require high early compressive strength

Medium Sulfate D 2000-3000 Sulphate resistance, intended for deep well as it has a natural
Resistant (MSR) retarded property
E 3000-4000 Sulphate resistance, HPHT well, retarded cement

F 3000-5000 Extreme HPHT, sulphate resistance, retarded cement

High Sulfate
Resistant (HSR) G 0-2500 Covering a wide range of depth, temperature and pressure. Basic
well cement. MSR and HSR

H 0-2500 Covering a wide range of depth, temperature and pressure. Alter

with accelerator or retarder. Basic well cement. MSR and HSR

12
 Cement
Chemistry Exothermic Reaction
Develop CS Ettringite

Simplified Abbreviation

C3S + H2O  CSH + CH

C2S + H2O  CSH +
CH

13
 Hydration of
Cement Pre-induction

The hydration of cement is a

Induction
function of temperature and
pressure. The higher the
Acceleration pressure
and/or temperature, time of
hydration will be shorter
De-acceleration

Diffusion

CSH + CH H20
C3S
C
C3 S 3S C3S CSH+
H20 CH
H20

14
 General Cement Lab
Testing
Density

Rheology

Thickening
Time
API RP 10B
Fluid Loss

Sedimentation
Test
Compressive
Strength

Compatibility
15
 General Cement
Additives
Density Control
• Weighting agent
• Extender

Thickening time and setting time control

• Accelerator
• Retarder

Viscosity control

Filtration control

16
 Density Control
Additives
Heavy Cement
Example of Density Hierarchy
Normal class G with 44% BWOC of water
will result in 1.9 SG cement slurry Cement
Spacer 2.18 SG
Drilling 1.98 SG
fluid Hematite
1.80 SG
Deep well with high Formation pressure will Ilmenite
require heavy Mud Sand
Barite

Requirement of 10% density hierarchy above

the fluid ahead for effective laminar flow

17 Pressurized Mud Balance

3/2020
Density Control Additives (Lightweight
Cement)
Challenges Solution
Options

Water Extender

Cenosphere
Lightweight
Weak formation
slurry
Slurry density <
fracture gradient
↑Limitation
waterto&withstand
Able ↓when
cement
it’s
exposed →
pressure
to
Less hydrostatic & Engineered Highly pressure
poor strength
ECD Crush-Resistant
18
18
 High Pressure Density
Crush
Light Weight Slurry Post Crushed Test “Novel Cementing Solutions to Impede
Density Comparison Lost Circulation with Highly Crush-
1,540 Resistant Lightweight Cement System and
Cenosphere-Based Slurry
Engineered Fibers”, SPE Asia Pacific Oil &
1,520 1,520
Hollow Glass Sphere-Based Gas Conference and Exhibition, 25-27
1,500
Slurry October 2016, Perth, Australia
1,495
1,480 1,480
Slurry Density

1,460 1,460

1,440 1,440

1,420
1,410 1,410
1,405 1,405
1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400

1,380
14,5 2500 3000 4000 5000
7500

Pressure (psi)

19
 Thickening
Time
Time measure of how long the cement
Defining the thickening time requirement is from
the job time + 2 hours, or job time x 1.5. The
slurry remains pumpable, stipulated longest time will be considered in design
from the cement mixed with water /mix Batch Mix Job
fluid Volume Pump Rate time
Sequence (bbl) (bbl/min)
(min)
Consistometer Batch mix cement 60 116 + 120 = 236 minutes
Pump Spacer 50 5 10 116 x 1.5 = 174 minutes
Drop Bottom Plug 10
Pump Cement slurry 100 5 20 Requirement thickening
Drop Top Plug 10 time is 3:56 hr:min

Displacement 30 5 6
Total Job time 116
Mix on Fly Job
Volume Pump Rate time
Sequence
(bbl) (bbl/min) (min)
116 + 120 = 156 minutes
Pump Spacer 50 5 10
Cement 116 x 1.5 = 174 minutes
Drop Bottom Plug 10
mixing Mix and Pump Cement slurry 100 5 20
Requirement thickening
process Drop Top Plug 10
time is 2:36 hr:min
Displacement 30 5 6
Total Job time 36

20
 Thickening
Time
Thickening time parameter is under unit
of Boundary Consistency (BC)

𝑇 − 78.2
𝐵𝐶 =
Where 20.02
T
, = Torque measured in paddles (g-cm)
Term of unpumpable as per API is 100 BC. While other
companies has stringent rules, 70 BC or 40 BC
Thickening Time
Alterati on Additi ves
Accelerator Retarder

Shorten the Elongate the

hydration hydration
period period

Calcium
CaCl2 Lignosulfonate

21
 Viscosity of Cement
Slurry
Temperature test at ambient temp and
at BHCT (conditioned to BHCT)

For effective laminar flow,

friction pressure hierarchy is
15% above the fluid ahead
Rotati onal Viscometer API RP 10B, Section 12
Rheolog ica l Model
PV = 1.5 x (300 - 100)
Ty = 300 - PV
Cement Surface Cement Surface

Common Additive
- Ca++ - Ca++ -
A
Yp Yp
Sulphonate Polymers - Ca++
R - Ca++ -
A
- Ca++
- Ca++ -

A: Attractive Interaction
Polymelamine Sulphonate B: Repulsive Interaction
22
 Filtration Control (Fluid
Loss)
Fluid loss in cement is a term for Causes of fluid loss:
Filtrate (Aqueous solution) lost to the 1. Differential annulus
formation pressure in vs
formation
P1 2. Permeable formation
3. High water to cement ratio
ΔP = 1000 psi ± Stages of fluid loss:
50 1. Dynamic Fluid Loss
2. Static Fluid Loss

Common Additive
P2 Test is performed in 30 minutes, then calculate
the volume of filtrate. If the nitrogen gas is Latex
blown before 30 minutes, then use the ISO
HTHP Fluid Loss calculation. Unit for API fluid loss is ml/30
min

Polymers

Solid particle replacing water

23 (microsilica)
 Filtration Control (Fluid Basic design for FL: (without considering gas
tight design)
Loss)
Fluid loss risk
1. Surface casing < 500 ml/30 min
2. Intermediate casing < 250 ml/30 min
associate
3. Production casing < 100 ml/30 min

Nevertheless, the lower the better, depend

on your budget!

24
 Cement Isolation in Potential Flow Zones (API
RP65) Fluid Loss • ALARP, best practice <50 ml/30 min

Thickening Time • Right Angle Set, no gelation trend

Gel Strength Control • CSGS to 500 lb/100 ft2 below 45 min

• Effective Laminar Flow Displacement, Ty > 15%

Rheology from displaced fluid

Density • Appropriate ECD

Mechanical • Young’s Modulus, Poisson Ratio, Tensile strength,

Properties Compressive Strength, Expansion/Shrinkage

Critical Static Gel Strength

CSGS = (OBP x 300) x (Deff/L)
[unit in lb/100 ft2]

Where:
OBP Overbalance Pressure
300 conversion factor
25 L length of cement column (ft)
Deff (Diameter Open hole – Diameter casing) (inch)
 Strength
Retrogression
At temperature above 230 degF, hydrated cement would
change the structural which leads to strength
retrogression

At 250oF (120oC) - slow Expansion Crystalline

decrease

At 450oF (232oC) - within a Permeable

few days Low-
Prevention: reduce cement compressi
C/S ratio by addition
At 600oF (315oC) - within of 35 to 40% BWOC silica
hours ve
strength

26
 Cement
Calculation
Simple Cylinder volume calculation
d1

V = п x r2 x t or (п/4) x d2 x t d2
Capacity of Casing to
Casing

𝑰𝑫𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 − 𝑶𝑫𝟐𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈

Volume A (Annulus Casing to Casing) 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗.
× 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
: 𝟒
Capacity of Open hole to
Casing

𝑫𝟐 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒆 − 𝑶𝑫𝟐𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 A

Volume B (Open hole to × {𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 −
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗.
Casing):
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉} 𝟒
Conductor Casing E
Capacity of Open Hole

B
𝑫𝟐 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒆
Volume C (Rat 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗.
× {𝑻𝑫 − 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉} Open hole
Hole): 𝟒

Surface Casing D
C
27
TD
 Cement
Calculation Capacity of Surface d1
Casing
d2
𝑰𝑫𝟐 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
Volume D × {𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌}
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗.
(Shoetrack): 𝟒
𝑰𝑫𝟐 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
Volume E (Displacement 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗.
× {𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓}
Volume): 𝟒

Abbreviation:
-
-
ID = Inned Diameter Total Cement volume = Volume (A+B+C+D)
OD = Outer Diameter
- Unit of length = Feet Displacement volume = Volume E A
- Unit of Capacity =
bbl/ft
- Unit of Volume = bbl E

B
Open Hole
Note: Open hole diameter will be based
on caliper (if available). Or if tracer pill is Float Collar

pumped, estimated OH annular excess Surface Casing

C
D

28
should be calculated in the volume which
TD
contributed to Open hole area
 Cement
Calculation
Calculate the total of cement volume required and displacement volume for this
well.

Conductor casing: OD 20 in, ID 18.75

in Surface Casing: OD 9 5/8 in, ID
8.681 in Open hole: 12 ¼ in. OH
Excess 50%
Rat HoleCalculation:
Capacity will not be counted in (To
be neglected)
cap casing casing 0.251527 bbl/ft
cap OH Casing 0.055782 bbl/ft 0.083673 bbl/ft Considered 50%
cap casing casing 0.073207 bbl/ft Excess 500 ft

Cement Volume
Vol A 125.7635 bbl
Vol 543.8734 bbl
B 14.64149 bbl
Vol D 684.2784 bbl
Total
Cem
Displacement Vol 497.8107 bbl Float Collar at 6800 ft
ent
Volu Shoe at 7000 ft
me:
29 TD at 7050 ft
 Cement and Additive Material
Calculation
Class G, mixed as per API 1 sacks of cement is 94 lbs weight

Cement Slurry density = (135.36)

8.5352
= 15.8 𝑝𝑝𝑔

(8.5352)𝑔 𝑎 𝑙 Yield is the volume of cement slurry obtained per 1 sack of

𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 7.48
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑘
= 1.141 ft3/sk cement
𝑓𝑡3

Base Fluid = Mix Water = Mix Fluid = 4.9652 gps

30
 Cement and Additive Material
Calculation
With previous data of cement slurry,
A. Define the cement slurry density and yield.
B. Then calculate the amount of material as
1. follow:
Cement G Neat (in sacks)
2. Water requirement (in bbl), With 41%
3. BWOC Accelerator 2% BWOC (in sacks),
1 sack of accelerator is 25 lbs. Chemical Total cement slurry volume required
density is 684.3 bbl (1 bbl = 5.615
4. 10.35 lb/gal cuft) cuft
3842.34
Dispersant is
dispersant 2 gps (in drum).
55 gal. Chemical1 drum of
density
14.61
is Density
lb/gal Material
Weight bulk/chemica Volume Material Requirement
(lbs/sacks) l (lbs/gal) (gal/sacks Class G 2768.64 Sacks
)
Class G 94 26.312 3.57
Water 12809.54 gal (1 bbl = 42 gal)
305 bbl
Dispersant 29.22 14.61 2
Accelerator 1.88 10.35 0.18 Accelerator 5205 lb
41% Water 38.54 8.33 4.6267 208 Sacks
Total 163.64 10.38
Dispersant 5537.2834 gal
Cement Density 15.8 ppg 101 Drums

Yield 1.39 cuft/sk

31
 Thanks!
Any
Questions?
32
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33
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 POP
QUIZ
1. Mention 5 stages of Cement Hydration Process

Pre-induction

Induction

Acceleration

De-acceleration

Diffusion

35
 POP
QUIZ
2. What is Thickening Time of Cement? As per API,
what is the term of the cement is unpumpable?

Time measure of how long the cement

slurry remains pumpable, stipulated
from the cement mixed with water
/mix fluid

Term of unpumpable as per API is 100 BC. While other

companies has stringent rules, 70 BC or 40 BC

36
 POP
QUIZ
3. What are the 3 points that API 65 dictated for gas
tight slurry?

Fluid Loss • ALARP, best practice <50 ml/30 min

Thickening Time • Right Angle Set, no gelation trend

Gel Strength Control • CSGS to 500 lb/100 ft2 below 45 min

• Effective Laminar Flow Displacement, Ty > 15%

Rheology from displaced fluid

Density • Appropriate ECD

Mechanical • Young’s Modulus, Poisson Ratio, Tensile strength,

Properties Compressive Strength, Expansion/Shrinkage

37
 POP
QUIZ
4. What is Strength Retrogression? How to encounter
the issue?

At temperature above 230 degF, hydrated cement would

change the structural which leads to strength
retrogression

At 250oF (120oC) - slow Expansion Crystalline

decrease

At 450oF (232oC) - within a Permeable

few days Low-
Prevention: reduce cement compressi
C/S ratio by addition
At 600oF (315oC) - within of 35 to 40% BWOC silica
hours ve
strength
38