STK Lessons Review

Contents
I. Chapter 1: introduction
II. Chapter 2: The cold war in SEA
III. Chapter 3: ASEAN and Regionalism in SEA
IV. Chapter 4: Conflict and Conflict resolution in SEA
V. Chapter 5: Transnational Crime in SEA
VI. Chapter 6: Economic Integration
VII. Chapter 7: Human security

VIII. Chapter 8: Environment issue in int’l relations in SEA

I. Chapter 1: Introduction
• Driving forces behind regionalism: • Economic factor

Political factors - Trade and investment

- Power dynamics - Complementarity of policy

- Identity and ideology - Compensatory mechanism

- Domestic politic - Large market

- Leadership
 International Relation Theories
• Realism

- International system: anarchy

- Main actor: state

- Minor actor: non-state actor; IOs, NGOs, Int’l law.

- Assumption:

1. International System is anarchy, power seeking and a self-help system

2.States are the main actors
3 States are all equal with its own sovereignty
4 Main objectives are survival and national interests
5 States are power-seeking (to be a hegemon or a balance of power)
6 States tend to use force & military building
7 International relations as an interplay of the great powers, zero-sum game
8 No progress in international politics: A cyclical view of history
Liberalism
- int’l system: anarchy but cooperation

- Main actor: state and non-state

- Assumption:

1 International System is anarchy, but still cooperative due to complex

interdependence
2 Main Actors are States, and Non-state actors
3 State Nature focus on national interests, but cooperative based on mutual
interests
4 Common interest and complex interdependence: Economic
development and trade, People-to-people communication,
5 Environmental and human rights issues, Terrorism threats, etc.
6 Power: Soft power (Agenda setting, linkage of issues, information..)
Liberalism stance

• Sociological Liberalism:

- International Relations => Transnational relations

- Nature of such relation is peaceful and driven by mutual interest
• Institutional Liberalism:

- International institutions and international law promote cooperation

and peace, reduce anarchy
• Interdependence Liberalism:

- State becomes powerful by trade, not exclusively military

• Republican Liberalism:

- Democratic states are controlled by their citizens > less likely for wars
Constructivism
• International System is based states' perceptions, practices, and norms

• Main Actors: States and Non-state Actors

• Interests

• Interactions

• Institution
II. Chapter 2: The Cold War in SEA
The actor in SEA are divided into 2 such as:
• State:

Regional actor: 11 countries which included 10 members of ASEAN + Timor

External actor: who involve in the region such as US, Japan, China
• Non-state:

IGOs: UN, IMF, ADB, IFI

INGOs: International Non-governmental Organization
MNCs: Multinational Corporation
Criminal enterprise who involve in criminal or drug war.
Containment communism in SEA
• Domino Theory? 2. Bandung conference and
nonalignment
• The mechanism that SEA use to
contain communism: - What?

1. SEATO - Purpose

- what? - Member

- Purpose? - Fail

- Members?

- Fail? Diverse membership, lack of

commitment, domino theory
ASEAN
- what?

- When?

- Member?

- Purpose?

- ASEAN measurement to contain communism:

• Asean as peace offensive

• Asean toward 3rd indo china war

• UNICK

• Asean sponsored anti-VN Khmer resistant forces

III. Chapter 3: ASEAN and Regionalism in SEA
Deference of regionalism vs. regionalization

• Regionalization: bottom-up approach, establish international organization

• Regionalism: top-down approach, cooperation, two purposes: economic and politic

Establishment of Regionalism
1. SEATO (1954) 2. Malphindo
- Major frontier of Europe in SEA - Organization established by Malaysia,

- Purpose: against the spread of

Philippines, and Indonesia.
communism - Purpose: try to balance the British
- Member: U.S, France, UK, New power and the West influence
Zealand, Australia, Pakistan,
- Fell: untrustworthy due to North
Thailand, and the Philippines
Borneo conflict
- Fell: lack of commitment and
imbalance of SEA countries
3. ASEAN
- Regional community

- Creation factor: political factor

• Regional peace and stability
• Cooperation
• Philippines wanted identity
• Thailand wanted to balance with SEATO alliances
• Singapore wanted identity and sovereignty
• Malaysia tried to break out from British influence
• Indonesia looked for leadership

- Economic factor:
• Market access and investment
• Economic growth
• Social progress
• Culture development
ASEAN Evolution
• 1970 Kuala Lumpur Summit:

- Adopted ZOPFAN, non-interference policy

- Focused on ASEAN Centrality

• 1976 Bali Summit

- Adopted declaration of ASEAN Concord

- Discussed on TAC
• 1992 ASEAN Singapore Summit

- Focused on economic

- Discussed on ASEAN FTA

- Expanded members:

• Brunei: political independence, protection from British colonization and natural resources, promote

cooperation

• VN: protection from China threat, access outside market, prestige, protection

• Laos and Myanmar: economic growth, stability, social progress, engagement

• Cambodia: economic interest, prestige, balance great power, diplomatic interest.

• ASEAN Vision 2020: proposed by Malaysia for SEA
nation, development, community caring and sharing. • ASEAN External Relation

- ASEAN Dialogue Coordinator-

ship
• ASEAN Toward community:
- Sectorial dialogue partner
- 2000: ASEAN integration to reduce gap between old
and new member - Development partner

- 2002: ASEAN Economic Community to single - Key dialogue

market and production
- 2003: ASEAN Concord II

- 2007: AEC Blue Print

- 2007-2008: ASEAN Charter, ASEAN organs

- 2009: blueprint of APSC, ASCC

 IV Chapter 4: Conflicts and Conflicts Resolution
in SEA
• ASEAN Ways: SEA distinct approach to manage interstate relation.

• ASEAN Ways principle:

- Non-interference in member state’s internal affairs

- Consensus

- Non-binding decision, voluntary compliance

- Peaceful resolution
Limitation of ASEAN Ways
• Hinder conflict resolution process in SEA

• Different states interest

• Source of internal fragment

• Lack clear policy reservation and exception formulas

• Lack clear oversight mechanism and leadership

ASEAN Initiatives
• TAC (1997):

- Mutual respect, sovereignty, territorial integrity

- Non-interference

- Peaceful resolution

- Renunciation for the threat or use of force

- cooperation
 Mode of conflict resolutions
• 8 approaches that consider as state behavior to maintain good relation and align of
foreign policy.

Track1: government to government Track2: Non-state actor policy

policy
Bilateral meeting: two parties meet up Multilateral meeting: more than two
parties
Normative diplomacy: put norm and Pragmatic diplomacy: practical over
value first norm and value
International approach: internationalize Domestic approach: Use regional
approach constitute setting
 Famous diplomacy approach
Approaches Meanings
Four eyes meeting Informal bilateral summit
Constructive engagement Non-hostile policy of building better
cooperation and collaboration with state in
hope of influencing to change.
Elements: 1. ASEAN favors political dialogue
and consultations over economic sanction. 2.
moderate its use of diplomatic pressure and
coercive languages. 3. create positive
incentive.

Pragmatic engagement relaxed sanction and engagement part in int’l

forum
Flexible engagement Collective discussion fellow members
domestic policies when have either regional
implications or affect the disposition of
members.
V. Chapter 5: Transnational Crimes in SEA
• Transnational crime: violations of law that involves more than one country or impact

with multinational nature.

• Transnational crime groups: provision of illicit goods, illicit services, infiltration of

business and government.

 Common Issues
Terrorism: large and powerful impact,
violence, needs of attention from gov’t
• Terrorism groups
Piracy: act of boarding or attempting to board any
vessel with tension to commit thief or any crime.
- Hide at the coastline of Indonesia, Malaysia, and
Philippines and tried to prey vassal

- Jemalah Islamiyah - Increased after 1998

- Abussayyaf group - Hazard navigation

• Response - Used seized ship

- ASEAN declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism • Response

- ISM-CTTC - ReCAAP

- Joint declaration for joint cooperation - Malacca Strait Patrols

- Treaty on mutual legal assistance in crime matters
- The Sulu and Sulawesi Seas Zone
- ASEAN Convention on counter tourism
- Narcotics production and trafficking
Common Issues
Polices for drug and human
Trafficking: human and drug
trafficking
Drug Human Trafficking
- Drug trafficking: The golden
Triangle Declaration of Declaration on
principle transnational crime
- Human Trafficking: labor or sexual
ASEAN regional Trafficking in persons
exploitation policy report
• Response
Joint Declaration 2020 ARTIP
- ASEAN Declaratory Anticrime Bangkok political The Bali Process
Regime declaration 2015

- ASEAN Declaration on ACCORD

Transnational Crime
 VI. Chapter 6: Economic Integration
• Economic integration: economic cooperation between countries.

• Benefit: • Drawback
- Trade diversion
- Trade creation
- Shifting employment
- Generate greater consensus
- Less sovereignty
- Foster political cooperation

- Create job
Regionalism: from competition to cooperation
• Overview: • Progress in AFTA:
- Goal: promote real economic growth - AFAS
- Conflict interest: market investment 
competition - AIA

- Action taken: ASEAN Community - AICO

• Attempt to cooperate:

- ASEAN Industrial project

- ASEAN Industrial Complementation

- ASEAN Industrial Joint Venture

- ASEAN FTA
VII. Chapter 7: Human Security
• Human security?

• Human security features:

- People-oriented

- Multi sectorial

- Comprehensive approach

- Context specific

- Prevention oriented
Human Security Issues in SEA
• Refugee: someone who force to flee their country because of persecution, war,
violence, race, religion, nationality, political opinion. i.e: Indo-china war
• Migrant workers: person who migrates from one country to another with view to
being employed.
• Humanitarian relief: environmental security

• Pandemic disease

• Crime against humanity

• Human Rights
VIII. Chapter 8: Environmental issue in int’l
relations in SEA
• ASEAN Framework

• Environmental issue in SEA

1. Deforestation
2. The haze
3. The maritime zone
4. Rivers, dams, and ecosystem
5. Damming the Mekong river
6. The Salween river Basin
GOOD LUCK