Introduction.

Application to noise cancellation.

Adaptive noise cancellation.
Adaptive filter.
Estimation techniques .
performance measures in adaptive systems
Simulation results.
Introduction
Speech.
Background noise.

 What is noise?  

 Noise that affects the speech

signals; white noise, colored noise,
and impulsive noise.
Headsets
• people working near aircraft or in noisy factories can
wear these headsets to protect their hearing.
Honda cars
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• a microphone connected to the car stereo system picks
up all the sound inside the car.
•produces noise-canceling sound waves that match the
frequency of unwanted sound.
 adaptive filter is a digital filter(FIR &IIR) combined with an adaptive
algorithm, which is used to modify the coefficients of the filter

variable Characteristics.
The spectrum of a given signal overlaps with the noise spectrum.
If the frequency band occupied by noise is unknown or may vary with time
LMS algorithm

Characteristics
 Simple and easy to implement.

 Updates the coefficients sample by sample.

Very hard to choose suitable parameters guarantees stability of the algorithm.
Algorithm:
 Define the desired response. Set each coefficient weight to zero.

 Calculate the output of the adaptive filter

 Before the filter coefficients can be updated the error must be calculated

 Update the filter coefficients

 Then LMS algorithms calculate the cost function J (n) by using the following
equation:
Normalized LMS

It is a modified form of the standard LMS algorithm.

 Weight function

This step size can improve the convergence speed of the adaptive filter.
Faster convergence than LMS comes at a price of greater residual error.
Recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms

Use instantaneous value e2 (n) and the past values.

Update the filter coefficients

 RLS algorithms calculate J (n) by using the following equation

 Convergence Rate

The rate at which the filter converges to its resultant state.

Minimum Mean Square Error

Is a metric indicating how well a system can adapt to a given solution

Robustness
The robustness of a system is directly related to the stability of a system.
Robustness is a measure of how well the system can resist both input and
quantization noise
Simulation results

Computational Complexity
 The resources required to implement the LMS, NLMS, RLS
algorithms The computations given are those required to process
one sample RLS NLMS LMS
L2 +2L+4 2L+7 0
MEMORY

2L2 +4L 2L+4 2L + 1

MULTIPLY

1.5L2 2L+2 2L
ADD
+2.5L
L 1 0 DIVIDE
Analysis of Estimation Techniques Performance

•Filter length effect

LMS algorithm NLMS algorithm

RLS algorithm
 •Step size effect:

LMS algorithm
NLMS algorithm large mu NLMS algorithm small mu
•Convergence of the weights: Effect of reducing mu on the weight

LMS algorithm
• Effect of changing Lambda

RLS algorithm
• Effect of changing delta
Effects of changing language, speaker and gender on estimation
techniques

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SNR and noise power:
Output of the system

Input signal:

Noise

Signal-plus-noise

Filtered signal using LMS

Filtered signal using NLMS

Filtered signal using RLS

Summary

 Effect of changing filter length, step size, lambd,

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delta on LMS, NLMS and RLS algorithms.
 Effect of changing language, speaker and gender on
estimation techniques. (SNR test)
 Relation between SNR and noise power.
 Listening test.