Faculty of Medecin

Biophysics (M 1029)

Chapter 14

FLUID DYNAMICS OF
NON-VISCOUS FLUIDS
Prof. Dr. Khalil Thabayneh
Hebron University - Palestine
14.3. The Equation of Continuity
a) Volume Flow Rate‫ق‬0‫تدف‬00‫دل لا‬0‫ مع‬0‫جم‬0‫ح‬
• The volume flow rate, Ғ, tells us how much fluid is
flowing across some surface, such as a pipe’s cross section,
in a given time. The volume of liquid that crosses the
surface must be AΔx (Fig. 14-1), and so the volume flow
rate is:
b) Continuity of Flow ‫الستمرارية‬00‫ادلة ا‬0‫مع‬
• Under certain conditions, when the fluid is incompressible
and there is no fluid gained or lost, the volume flow rate is
constant along a pipe or channel .There must also be the
same amount per unit time, and as we are talking about an
incompressible fluid, a fixed mass implies a fixed volume,
hence a constant volume flow rate. We’ve established the
relationship between volume flow rate, area and velocity,
so this brings us to the
continuity equation:
A1v1 = A2v2
• Example 14.1 page 140
A water pipe carries 1000 ℓ of water past a certain point
every minute.
(a) If the speed of the water in this pipe is 2 ms–1, what is the
radius of the pipe?
(b) The radius of the pipe narrows‫ضيق‬11‫ ي‬by 10% as it passes
from one suburb to another. What is the velocity of the
water in the pipe now?
(c) The pipe then splits up into two pipes, each of which of
has an area equal to the area of the pipe just before it splits.
What is the speed of the water in each pipe now?
14.4 Bernoulli’s Equation
a) Bernoulli’s Principle and Incompressible Fluid Flow
• Bernoulli’s law A statement of conservation of energy for
fluids. The sum of the pressure, the gravitational potential
energy per unit volume, and the kinetic energy per unit
volume is conserved along a streamline‫النسياب‬11‫لا‬1‫ خال‬.
• When viscosity can be neglected, an increase in fluid
velocity is accompanied ‫مصحوبة‬by a decrease in pressure
and/or a decrease in gravitational potential energy.
• This will be valid for most liquids, and for gases when no
expansion or compression is happening. The Bernoulli’s
equation:
Where P is the pressure at a chosen point, g is the acceleration
due to gravity, v is the fluid velocity along a streamline at
the point, h is the height of the point above a selected
reference level, and ρ is the density of the fluid.
b) Pressure and Velocity
• Another way of writing Bernoulli’s Equation relates the
parameter values at two points on a streamline, labelled 1 and 2

• Consider a case where there is no change in height, as in

Figure14.3 where h is fixed, so the gravitational potential energy
is not changing. Rearranging Bernoulli’s equation:

• So, the change in pressure gives

us the change in kinetic energy per
unit volume. If, as in Figure 14.3,
the velocity at 2 is higher, then the pressure at 2 is lower.
• Example 14.2 page 142
A pipe in an industrial plant is designed to carry a fluid of
density 1500 kg m–3 at a speed of 3 m s–1. Any faster than
this and the flow could become turbulent‫عنيف‬, with
undesirable ‫ غير مرغوبة‬results. Any slower than this and the
fluid could start to congeal ‫حتجز‬11‫ ي‬on the sides of the pipe.
The fluid is to be carried‫قل‬11‫ ن‬from a holding tank ‫حتجاز‬1‫نا‬1‫زا‬1‫خ‬
which is at a pressure of Pt to a manufacturing line at
atmospheric pressure (Patm = 100 kPa) which is 2.5 m below
the holding tank.
At what pressure must the tank be maintained‫افظ‬1‫? ح‬
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
a) Fluid Flow Out of a Tank
• The speed of water flowing out a hole in a tank depends only
upon the height of liquid in the tank and that liquid’s density
• Applying Bernoulli’s equation to water at the surface (s) of the
tank and at the outlet (o) of the tank we have:

• Now we assume that both the surface of the tank and the tank
outlet are at atmospheric pressure, so

• If the surface area of the tank is much larger than the cross-
sectional area of the outlet, then the continuity equation
suggests:
• In other words, the speed at which the surface of water in the
tank drops is much less than the speed at which water leaves the
tank outlet pipe. In this case,
we have that:
and we can neglect vs. Solving for vo gives

• This relationship between the speed of outflow and the distance

from the liquid surface is known as Torricelli’s theorem.

b) Plaque Deposits and Aneurysms ‫لدموية‬00‫ألوعية ا‬00‫لترسباتوا‬00‫ا‬

• We have already looked at the change in pressure in a liquid
when the height is unchanged and the liquid speeds up or
slows down. This has consequences for blood vessels ‫همية‬1‫ذو أ‬
‫لدموية‬11‫ألوعية ا‬11‫يا‬111‫ ف‬that are narrowed‫فعل‬111‫اقتب‬11‫ ض‬by plaque
deposits, or widened‫تسعت‬1‫ا‬at the site of an aneurysm.
• In the case of narrowing‫لضيق‬11‫( ا‬called stenosis‫لتضيق‬11‫ )ا‬by
plaque deposits, the blood velocity must be increased,
which decreases the pressure, and may result in further
narrowing, leading the artery to close entirely‫لشريان‬11‫غلقا‬11‫ي‬
‫ليا‬11‫ ك‬.
• When the artery is narrowed, the flow will also become
more turbulent ‫با‬1‫ضطرا‬1‫كثر ا‬1‫أ‬, possibly damaging the arterial
wall‫لشرياني‬11‫لجدار ا‬11‫تالفا‬1‫لىإ‬11‫ؤديإ‬11‫مما ي‬.
• An aneurysm is a localized ‫لدموية‬11‫ألوعية ا‬11‫لموضعيل‬11‫لتمدد ا‬11‫ا‬,
balloon-like bulge ‫نتفاخ‬1‫ ا‬in an artery. As the radius
increases and velocity decreases, the pressure increases.
As the wall is already likely to be weakened‫عيف‬11‫ض‬, this
further increases the chances of a rupture 1‫مزقه‬111‫ت‬.
Example 14.3 page 144
• An aneurysm ‫ أوعية دموية‬forms in a small blood vessel ‫وعاء‬
‫غير‬11‫ دمويص‬through which blood travels at 3 m s–1. The
diameter of the blood vessel increases by 20%.
What is the increase in pressure inside this aneurysm?
(ρblood= 1060 kgm–3).
 Problems Page ( 146)
14.1. A large artery‫ريان‬11‫ ش‬has a diameter of 7 mm. This artery
divides into two identical smaller arteries, the velocity of
the blood in the smaller arteries is the same as the velocity
of the blood in the larger artery.
What is the diameter of the smaller arteries?

14.2. The diameter of a blood vessel narrows by 70% due to

the presence of a plaque‫رسبات‬111‫ ت‬on the blood vessel walls.
(a) By what factor does the blood velocity increase?
(b) If the blood velocity in a normal blood vessel is 0.15 ms−1
and the systolic blood pressure is 130 mmHg, what is the
systolic‫نقباضي‬1‫ ا‬blood pressure in the narrowed vein ‫( وريد‬in
mmHg)?
14.3. A small plastic pipe carries water horizontally at a
speed of 10 ms−1. A section of the pipe bulges ‫نتفخ‬11‫ ي‬out so
that the radius is twice that of the rest of the pipe. If the
gauge pressure in the pipe is ordinarily +90 kPa.
What is the gauge pressure in the bulge (in kPa) (the
density of water is 1000 kgm−3)?

14.4. A large artery has a diameter of 7 mm and carries blood

which flows with a peak velocity of 0.15 m/s. This vessel
eventually ‫اية‬1‫لنه‬11‫يا‬111‫ ف‬feeds a network of capillaries‫ت‬1‫عيرا‬11‫ش‬
‫ دموية‬which together have an area approximately 400 times
that of the large artery which feeds into them. In this
model, the capillaries are identical to each other and have a
diameter of 7.5 μm.
(a) Suppose that the diastolic blood pressure‫النبساطي‬11‫ ا‬1‫لدم‬11‫غط ا‬11‫ض‬
is 130 mmHg at the level of the heart and the blood
velocity in the large artery at the heart is 0.15 m/s.
What is the blood velocity in the artery at a point 1 m
below the heart? (The density of blood is 1050 kgm−3).
(b) If the artery is severed 1‫نقطع‬1‫ ا‬at a at a point 1m below the
heart, what is the maximum velocity of blood flow from
the artery?
(c) What is the blood velocity in a capillary in the capillary
net at this point (1 m below the heart)?
(d) What is the blood pressure in the capillary net at this point
in mmHg?
14.5. At what rate (Pa m−1) does the pressure need to
change in a vertical pipe filled with water to keep the
velocity of the water flowing through it constant?

14.6. A hole is punched 1‫رم‬1‫ خ‬in the side of a tank below the
surface of the fluid in it. The fluid is coming out at a
speed of 7 m/s.
(a) How far below the surface of the fluid was the hole
punched?
(b) If the volume flow rate of the fluid coming out of the
tank is 0.5 ℓ/min. What is the radius of the hole?
14.7. A hydroelectric power plant draws water from a lake whose
surface is 55 m above the turbines. It draws the water through a
pipe with radius 1.2 m. (Patm = 100 kPa, ρwater = 1000 kg m−3)
(a) If, at point A, 55 m below the surface of the lake, the pipe is
horizontal and the water is flowing through it at a rate of 9 m/s,
at what pressure is the water?
(b) In order for the turbines to work most efficiently the water
should enter them at a speed of 20 m/s. In order to achieve this
the pip narrows to what radius just before it enters the turbines?
(c) What is the pressure just before the water enters the turbines?
(d) After passing through the turbines the water is now open to the
atmosphere again. At what speed is it traveling (assuming that
only a negligible fraction of the energy contained in the flow is
removed by the turbines)..