CHEMISTRY: THE

STUDY OF CHANGE

Nurul Iman Chapter 1 1

What is chemistry?
 Chemistry is the study of Matter and the changes it
undergoes.
 Chemistry is a science that deal with Matter, the
properties of Matter, the structure of Matter and the
changes in composition that Matter undergoes.

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What is Matter?
 Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass.
 Matter exist in three physical states; Solid, Liquid
and Gas

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Classification of Matter

Matter

Substances Mixtures
Substances Mixtures

Elements
Elements Compounds
Compounds Homogeneous
Homogeneous mixtures
mixtures Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous mixtures
mixtures

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What is substance ?
 A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
(constant) composition and distinct properties.
 Substance can be either A compound or An element
 Example: water, ammonia, sucrose, gold, oxygen

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Elements
 An element is a substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical means.
 116 elements have been identified
 Most elements occur naturally on Earth (gold,
aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon)
 Others elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium

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Compounds
 A compound is a substance composed of atoms of
two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
 Compounds can only be separated into their pure
components (elements) by chemical means.

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What is A Mixture ?
 A Mixture is a combination of two or more
substances in which each substance retains its own
composition and properties.
 Mixture can be either Homogenous or
Heterogeneous
 Example: Salt water, Air, mixture of salt and
charcoal

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Homogenous mixture
 A mixture is a combination of two or more
substances in which the substances retain their
distinct identities.
 Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture
is the same throughout.
 Example: sugar solution

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Heterogeneous mixture
 Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not
uniform throughout.
 Example: iron filings in sand

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 Mixture can be created and then separated by
physical means into pure components without
changing the identities of the components.

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Physical or Chemical properties?
 A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
 Example: ice melting
 A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.
 Example: hydrogen burns in air to form water

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Units of Measurement
 International System of Units (SI) is a standard
measurement used in chemistry based on metric
system.

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 The system is decimal system by a series of
prefixes
Prefix Symbol Meaning Example
tera-
 Table 2 Tshows1,000,000,000,000 or 10
prefixes used wit SI1 tetrameter (Tm)=1x10
units m
12 12

giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 109 1 gigameter (Gm)=1x109m

mega- M 1,000,000 or 106 1 megameter (Mm)=1x106m
kilo- k 1,000 or 103 1 kilometer (km)=1x103m
deci- d 1/10 or 10-1 1 decimeter (dm)=1x10-1m
centi- c 1/100 or 10-2 1 centimeter (cm)=1x10-2m
mili- m 1/1000 or 10-3 1 milimeter (mm)=1x10-3m
micro- µ 1/1,000,000 or 10-6 1 micrometer (µm)=1x10-6m
nano- n 1/1,000,000,000 or 10-9 1 nanometer (nm)=1x10-9m
pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000 or 10-12 1 picometer (pm)=1x10-12m
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1.1 The SI system
 Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass
mass – measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight
weight––force
forcethat
thatgravity
gravityexerts
exertson
onananobject
object

weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weight

weight = c x mass
on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth
on earth, c = 1.0
on moon, c ~ 0.1
on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon
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 Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter
(m3)
 1 cm3 = (1 x 10 -2 m) 3 = 1 x 10 -6 m3
 1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m) 3 = 1 x 10 -3 m3
 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

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 Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3= 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

 The density of mercury, the only metal that is

in liquid at room temperature is 13.6 g/mL.
Calculate the mass of 5.50 mL of the liquid.
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English and Metric Conversions
 If you know ONE conversion for each type of
measurement, you can convert anything!
 You must memorize and use these conversions:
 Mass: 454 grams = 1 pound
 Length: 2.54 cm = 1 inch
 Volume: 0.946 L = 1 quart

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Square and Cubic units
 Use the conversion factors you already know, but
when you square or cube the unit, don’t forget to
cube the number also!
 Best way: Square or cube the ENITRE conversion
factor
 Example: Convert 4.3 cm 3 to mm 3

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 Comparison of 3 Temperature Scale

Known Temperature Required Formula

Temperatur
e
Celsius °C To °F Fahrenheit °F = ( x °C )+ 32
Celsius °C To ° Kelvin K= °C + 273.15
K
Fahrenheit °F To °C Celsius °C =(°F - 32) /
Fahrenheit °F To ° Kelvin K= °F +459.67/
K
Kelvin °K To °C Celsius °C=K - 273.15
Kelvin °K To °F Fahrenheit °F =( x K) - 459.67

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Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
0
F= 9 x 0C + 32
5
0
F – 32 = 9 x 0C
5
5 x (0F – 32) = 0C
9
0
C = 5 x (0F – 32)
9
0
C = 5 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3
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1.7
Use of Number
 In chemistry, we measure and calculate many
things, so we must be sure we understand how to
used numbers.
 Scientific Notation; when we deal with very large
and very small numbers.

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1.2 Scientific Notation
 The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 10 23
 The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:

0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10 -23
N x 10n;
 N is a number between 1 and 10

 n is a positive or negative integer

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 Additional or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with the same exponent n
4.31x10 4 + 3.9 x 10 3 =
2. Combine N1 and N2
4.31x10 4 + 0.39 x 10 4 =
3. The exponent n remains the same
4.70x10 4

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 Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10 -5+3) =
28 x 10-2 = 2.8 x 10-1

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 Division
1. Divide N1 and N2
8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2
(8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
1.7 x 10-5

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Significant Figures
 There is some uncertainty in all measurement
 Significant figure indicate the Uncertainty in measurement
 There are two kind of number:
1. Exact number – They are known to be absolutely accurate.
Example is the exact number of people in class room
2. Measured number - significant figures relate the certainty
of the measurement. As the number of significant figures
increases, the more certain the measurement

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Guideline for using significant figures

1. Any digit that is NOT zero is significant.

2. ZERO between NONZERO digit are significant.
3. ZERO to the LEFT of the first nonzero digit are
not significant. Their purpose is to indicate the
placement of decimal point.
 Example: 0.08 L = one significant figure
 : 0.0000349 = three significant figure

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4. If number greater than 1, then ALL the ZEROs
written at the RIGHT of decimal point count as
SIGNIFICANT FIGURE.
 Example : 2.0 mg = two significant figures
 : 40.062 mL = five significant figures
If number less than 1, then the only zero that at the end
& zero in between are significant.
 Example : 0.3005 mg = four significant figures

 : 0.00420 mg = three significant figures

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 We can express 400 as
 4 x10² = 1 significant figure
 4.0 x10² = 2 significant figures
 4.00 x10² = 3 significant figures

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 Determine the number of significant figures:
 6.01g
 0.043 kg
 6.4x104 molecules
 3000 mL

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Rounding
 If you round off to a “5”, if the next digit is ODD,
round up. If it is EVEN, round down (leave it)!
 3.016 rounded to hundredths is 3.02 (because the next
digit (6) is 6 or more)
 3.013 rounded to hundredths is 3.01 (because the next
digit (3) is 4 or less)
 3.015 rounded to hundredths is 3.02 (because the next
digit is 5,and the hundredths digit (1) is odd)
 3.04501 rounded to hundredths is 3.05 (because the
next digit is 5,but it is followed by non-zero digits)
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Significant Figures In Calculation
 Addition or Subtraction
 The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79
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 Multiplication or Division
 The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
3 sig figs round to 3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926= 0.061

2 sig figs round to 2 sig figs

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 Exact Numbers
 Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are

considered to have an infinite number of significant

figures
 The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and

6.70?
6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70
3
= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
Because 3 is an exact number
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Precision and Accuracy
 Precision and Accuracy are terms for quality of
measurement
 Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true
value
 Precision – how close a set of measurements are to
each other

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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

 Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are

needed
 Carry units through calculation

 If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s),

then the problem was solved correctly.

How many mL are in 1.63 L?
1 L = 1000 mL

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 The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is
this speed in miles per hour?
 meters to miles
 seconds to hours
1 min = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

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Thank you

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