AD HOC NETWORKS

BY:
Bhagyashree Fulzele 03
Sneha Ghosh 23
Yamini Kothe 27
Namrata Nitnawre 12
Wireless AD HOC network
 A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized
wireless network
 The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a
preexisting infrastructure, such as routers in wired
networks or access points in managed (infrastructure)
wireless networks.
 Instead, each node participates in routing by
forwarding data for other nodes, and so the
determination of which nodes forward data is made
dynamically based on the network connectivity.
Application of Wireless AD HOC Networks
The decentralized nature of wireless ad hoc
networks makes them suitable for a variety of
applications where central nodes can't be relied on,
and may improve the scalability of wireless ad hoc
networks compared to wireless managed networks,
though theoretical and practical limits to the overall
capacity of such networks have been identified.
Minimal configuration and quick deployment make
ad hoc networks suitable for emergency situations
like natural disasters or military conflicts. The
presence of a dynamic and adaptive routing protocol
will enable ad hoc networks to be formed quickly.
Technical requirements

 An adhoc network is made up of multiple “nodes”

connected by “links”.
 Links are influenced by the node's resources (e.g.
available energy supply, transmitter power, computing
power and memory) and by behavioral properties
(reliability, and trustworthiness), as well as by link
properties (e.g. line-of-sight interference, length-of-
link and signal loss, interference and noise).
 Since new and old links can be connected or
disconnected at any time, a functioning network must
be able to cope with this dynamic restructuring,
preferably in a way that is timely, efficient, reliable,
robust and scalable.
Technical requirements conti….
 The network must allow any two nodes to
communicate, often via other nodes that relay the
information. A “path” is a series of links that
connects two nodes.
 Often there are multiple paths between any two
nodes. Nodes are often limited by transmitter
power (transmission range) and available energy
resources. Transmitter power often consumes the
most energy in the node.
 Wireless ad hoc networks can be further classified
by their application:
Mobile AD HOC Networks (MANETs)
Wireless Mesh Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks
1.Mobile AD HOC Networks
 A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), sometimes
called a mobile mesh network, is a self-configuring
network of mobile devices connected by wireless links.
 Each device in a MANET is free to move
independently in any direction, and will therefore
change its links to other devices frequently.
 Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use,
and therefore be a router.
 The primary challenge in building a MANET is
equipping each device to continuously maintain the
information required to properly route traffic.
 Such networks may operate by themselves or may be
connected to the larger Internet .
 MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that
usually has a routable networking environment on top
of a Link Layer ad hoc network.
Types of MANET

 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

 Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (InVANETs)

 Internet Based Mobile Ad hoc Networks

(iMANET)
 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks :Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
are used for communication among vehicles and between vehicles and
roadside equipment.

 Intelligent vehicular ad hoc Networks: Intelligent vehicular ad hoc

networks (InVANETs) are a kind of artificial intelligence that helps vehicles
to behave in intelligent manners during vehicle-to-vehicle collisions,
accidents, drunken driving etc.

 Internet Based Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Internet Based Mobile

Ad hoc Networks (iMANET) are ad hoc networks that link mobile nodes and
fixed Internet-gateway nodes. In such type of networks normal ad hoc routing
algorithms don't apply directly.
2.Wireless mesh network
o A wireless mesh network
(WMN) is a communication
network made up of radio nodes
organized in a mesh topology.
o Wireless mesh networks often
consist of mesh clients, mesh
routers and gateways.
o The mesh clients are often
laptops, cell phones and other
wireless devices while the mesh
routers forward traffic to and
from the gateways which may
but need not connect to the
Internet.
Wireless mesh network conti….
o The coverage area of the radio nodes working as a
single network is sometimes called a mesh cloud.
o Access to this mesh cloud is dependent on the radio
nodes working in harmony with each other to create a
radio network.
o A mesh network is reliable and offers redundancy.
When one node can no longer operate, the rest of the
nodes can still communicate with each other, directly or
through one or more intermediate nodes
Architecture
o Wireless mesh architecture is a first step towards providing
cost effective and dynamic high-bandwidth networks over a
specific coverage area.
o Wireless mesh architectures infrastructure is, in effect, a
router network minus the cabling between nodes. It's built of
peer radio devices that don't have to be cabled to a wired port
like traditional WLAN access points (AP) do.
o Mesh architecture sustains signal strength by breaking long
distances into a series of shorter hops.
o Intermediate nodes not only boost the signal, but
cooperatively make forwarding decisions based on their
knowledge of the network, i.e. perform routing.
o Such an architecture may with careful design provide high
bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and economic advantage over
the coverage area.
Example of three types of wireless mesh network:

Infrastructure wireless mesh networks: Mesh routers form an

infrastructure for clients.

Client wireless mesh networks: Client nodes constitute the

actual network to perform routing and configuration
functionalities.

Hybrid wireless mesh networks: Mesh clients can perform

mesh functions with other mesh clients as well as accessing the
network.
Operation
o The principle is similar to the way packets travel around
the wired Internet — data will hop from one device to
another until it reaches its destination.
o Dynamic routing algorithms implemented in each device
allow this to happen.
o To implement such dynamic routing protocols, each device
needs to communicate routing information to other devices
in the network.
o Each device then determines what to do with the data it
receives — either pass it on to the next device or keep it,
depending on the protocol.
o The routing algorithm used should attempt to always ensure
that the data takes the most appropriate (fastest) route to its
destination.
Applications
Some current applications:
o U.S. military forces are now using wireless mesh networking to
connect their computers, mainly ruggedized laptops, in field
operations. It enables troops to know the locations and status of
every soldier or marine, and to coordinate their activities without
much direction from central command.
o Electric meters now being deployed on residences transfer their
readings from one to another and eventually to the central office
for billing without the need for human meter readers or the need to
connect the meters with cables.
o The laptops in the one laptop per child program use wireless mesh
networking to enable students to exchange files and get on the
Internet even though they lack wired or cell phone or other
physical connections in their area.
o Calls between two satellite phones are routed through the mesh,
from one satellite to another across the constellation, without
having to go through an earth station.
3.Wireless sensor network
 A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists
of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to
monitor physical or environmental conditions,
such as temperature, sound vibration,
pressure, motion or pollutants and to
cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a main location.
 The more modern networks are bi-directional,
enabling also to control the activity of the
sensors.
 The development of wireless sensor networks
was motivated by military applications such as
battlefield surveillance; today such networks
are used in many industrial and civilian
application areas, including industrial process
monitoring and control, machine health
monitoring , environment and habitat
monitoring, healthcare applications, home
automation, and traffic control.
Characteristics
 Unique characteristics of a WSN include:
 Limited power they can harvest or store
 Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
 Ability to cope with node failures
 Coping with mobility of nodes
 Dynamic network topology
 Communication failures
 Heterogeneity of nodes
 Large scale of deployment
 Unattended operation
 Node capacity is scalable, only limited by bandwidth of
gateway node.
Applications
 Area monitoring
Area monitoring is a common application of WSNs. In area monitoring, the
WSN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be
monitored. For example, a large quantity of sensor nodes could be
deployed over a battlefield to detect enemy intrusion.
 Greenhouse monitoring
Wireless sensor networks are also used to control the temperature and
humidity levels inside commercial greenhouses.
 Landslide detection
A landslide detection system, makes use of a wireless sensor network to
detect the slight movements of soil and changes in various parameters that
may occur before or during a landslide.
 Landfill ground well level monitoring and pump counter
Wireless sensor networks can be used to measure and monitor the water
levels within all ground wells in the landfill site and monitor accumulation
and removal.
END