BIOMASS CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGIES

1) Incineration
2) Thermo-chemical method
3) Biochemical method
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
 A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for
recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with
high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
 Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and
heat.
 Incineration reduces the mass the waste from 90 to 96 percent.
 Incineration of waste is much popular in countries like Japan. The energy
generated by incineration is highly demanded in countries like Denmark
and Sweden. In year, 2005 it was estimated that 4.8 percent of the
electricity as is consumed by Danish nation was produced by incineration
and the amount of heat was some 13.7 percent out of total. Other then
Denmark and Sweden many European countries are recovering heat and
electricity from waste.
OBJECTIVE OF INCINERATION
The purpose of incineration is to combust solid wastes to reduce their
volume to about one tenth, without producing offensive gases and ashes.
 Volume reduction: Incineration reduces the volume of solid waste to be
disposed of by an average of 90%. The weight of the solid wastes to be
dealt with reduced by 70-75.This has both environmental and economic
advantages since there is less demand for final disposal to landfill, as
well as reduced costs and environmental burdens due to transport, it
distant landfill is used.
 Stabilization of waste: Incinerator output(i.e., ash) is considerably more
inert than incinerator input(i.e., solid waste), many due to the oxidation
of the organic components of the waste stream. This leads to reduction
of landfill management problem ( since the organic fraction is
responsible for landfill gas production) and the organic compounds
present in landfill leachate
• Recovery of energy from waste (EFW): Energy recovered from
burning the waste is used to generate steam for use in onsite electricity
generation or export to local factories or district heating schemes.
Combined heat and power plants increase the efficiency of energy
recovery by producing electricity as well as utilizing the residual heat.
Solid waste incineration can replace the use of fossil fuels for energy
generation.
• Sterilization of waste: This is primary importance in the incineration of
clinical or biomedical waste. Incineration of solid wastes will also
ensure destruction of pathogens prior to final disposal in a landfill
WHY IT IS NECESSARY?
 While the growth in production and marketing makes excessive use of
natural resources inevitable, wastes produced due to increasing trend of
consumption have reached to threatening levels due to their quantity and
hazardous contents.
 Aiming to prevent rapid consumption of natural resources and to settle
the problem of wastes resulting from production, marketing and
consumption activities through converting them to economic asset, the
waste management strategies form the basis of “sustainable
development” approach that has been gradually adopted all over the
world as a prioritized policy objective.
Incineration Process
INCINERATION PROCESS
 Combustion: Waste is continuously fed into the furnace by an overhead
crane. The waste is combusted in the specially designed furnace at high
temperature of > 850oC for more than 2 second with sufficient supply
of air so as to ensure complete burning of the waste and to prevent the
formation of dioxins and carbon monoxide.
 Boiler/ steam turbine: The heat from the combustion is used to
generate steam in the boiler. The steam then drives the turbine
which is coupled to the electricity generator. The excess heat
generated can also be used for other purposes, e.g. heat for
swimming pool.
 Exhaust gas cleaning: The exhaust gas from the boiler is typically
cleaned by the following advanced pollution control systems to
ensure compliance with the stringent environmental standards.
 Dry or Wet scrubbers: To spray lime powder or fine
atomized slurry into the hot exhaust gas to neutralize and
remove the polluted acidic gases (sulphur oxides, hydrogen
chloride).
 Activated Carbon Injection: To adsorb and remove any
heavy metal and organic pollutants (e.g. dioxins) in the
exhaust gas.
 Bag house filter: To filter and remove dust and fine
particulates.
 Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction: To remove a nitrogen
oxide (which is a cause of urban smog) by reacting them
with ammonia or urea
TYPES OF INCINERATORS

There are three main types of combustion technologies in

commercial practice:
1. Rotary Kiln
2. Moving Grate
3. Fluidized Bed
Rotary Kiln Moving Grate

Fluidized Bed
INCINERATION PLANT IN INDIA
 THE MAISHIMA INCINERATION PLANT IN
JAPAN
 Incineration
capacity: 900 ton per
day
 Total cost: appx.
¥60.9 billion
 Location: Osaka
City
Thank You