DOCSIS-A REVOLUTION TO CABLE INDUSTRY

ADITYA CHAVAN
NIKHIL SHAMBHARKAR
NIKIT PAWAR
ROMIE GUPTA
SHAHID SHAIKH
VIKRAM SINGH MAINS
 OBJECTIVES
(what are we covering)
What is DOCSIS ?

History

Different Versions

Technical Aspects

Advantages

Future Aspects
 DOCSIS
DOCSIS : DATA OVER CABLE SERVICE INTERFACE
SPECIFICATIONS

 International Standard developed by Cable Labs

 A set of standards for sending data over cable and managing the supporting
equipment

 It is used for transporting data over a cable (CATV) plant utilizing QAM &/
or QPSK RF Modulation.
 DOCSIS
 CableLabs® is a non-profit research and development consortium
founded in 1988 by cable operating companies.

 It is dedicated to pursuing new cable telecommunications

technologies and to helping its cable operator members integrate
those technical advancements into their business objectives.
 HISTORY
 1984: DICK LEGHORN (FATHER OF CableLabs)

 Wrote a memorandum entitled An R&D Entity for the Cable Industry?

 (~1994 – 1998) 1st generation were

Proprietary systems
– Lancity
– Terayon
– Motorola
 (1998 – Present) 2nd generation moved to open standard (DOCSIS)

 Contributing companies include ARRIS, BigBand Networks, Broadcom, Cisco,

Conexant, Correlant, Harmonic, Intel, Motorola, Netgear, Terayon, and Texas
Instruments
 What is it all about
 Simplification to cable Technology.

 Offers communication and operation support

 Addition of High Speed data over existing cable Tv (CATV).

 Employed by Cable operators over the existing Hybrid Fiber Coaxial.

 Multiple suppliers

 85+ Vendors to date have received certification or qualification

DOCSIS CERTIFICATION
PROCESS
EVOLUTION & ROADMAP
DOCSIS 1.0 DOCSIS 1.1 DOCSIS 2.0 DOCSIS 3.0

March 1997 April 1999 Jan 2002 Aug 2007

Data Improved Increased upstream It provides
transmission was operational reliability and channel
asymmetric. flexibility. throughput. bonding

- Improved - Support for

security. IPTV.
CABLE MODEMS
 Cable Modems
 Modem in the true sense of the word
– Modulates and demodulates signals
– It simply uses the increased bandwidth of the TV cable instead of an
ordinary phone line

 Cable modem
– Client device for providing 2 way communication(data, voice and
video) over the ordinary cable TV network cables
– Downstream - Data flowing from the CMTS to the cable modem
– Upstream - Data flowing from the cable modem to the CMTS
 Cable Modems
 They typically have two connections
– One to the cable wall outlet and the other to a PC

 Online access via cable modems provides PC users faster access to

online information
– Up to 1000 times faster than today’s fastest telephone modems
– Cable modem speeds range from 500 Kbps (500,000 bits per
second) to 10 Mbps (10 million bits per second)
 How Do Cable Modems Work?
 Connect the Cable Modem to the TV outlet for your cable TV
 The cable TV operator connects a Cable Modem Termination System
(CMTS) at their end (the Head-End)
– The CMTS is a central device for connecting the cable TV
network to a data network like the Internet
 DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
– The dominating cable modem spec that defines the technical specs for
both the cable modem and the CMTS

 Architecture
– Tuner, transceiver (modulator/demodulator), MAC, CPU, interface
 Inside a Cable Modem
 Tuner
– Connects directly to the CATV outlet
– Converts TV channel to a fixed lower frequency (6-40 MHz)
 Normally a tuner with build-in diplexer is used, to provide both
upstream and downstream signals through the same tuner
 Must be of sufficiently good quality to be able to receive the digitally
modulated QAM signals
 A new concept of a silicon tuner is in the works
– “Tuner on a chip”
– Expected to cut the cost down quite a bit compared to a more
conventional tuner module
– Companies (Sharp, Temic, Panasonic)
 Inside a Cable Modem
 Demodulator
– Performs analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion,demodulation (QAM-
64/256), Reed Solomon error correction and MPEG frame
synchronization

 In the receive direction, the interface signal feeds a demodulator

– Companies
Broadcom, Conexant Systems, SGS Thomson, VLSI
Technologies/Philips, LSI Logic, Fujitsu
 Inside a Cable Modem
 Burst modulator
– Performs Reed Solomon encoding, modulation (QPSK/16-QAM),
frequency conversion, digital-to-analog conversion
• In the transmit direction, a burst modulator feeds the tuner
• The output signal is fed through a driver with variable output level, so
the signal level can be adjusted to compensate for the unknown cable
loss

– Companies
Broadcom, Conexant Systems, Analog Devices, SGS Thomson

 Combined demodulator and burst modulator chips are also available

 Inside a Cable Modem
 MAC (Media Access Control) sub-layer in the network stack (runs on
both the cable modem and head-end)
– Extracts data from MPEG frames, filters data, protocol execution,
times transmission of upstream bursts
– Sits between the receive and transmit paths
– Can be implemented in hardware or split between hardware and
software
– Assigns upstream frequency & data rate
– Allocates time-slots (upstream bandwidth)
– Requires CPU to handle MAC layer functions
– Companies: Broadcom, Texas Instruments, Conexant
 Inside a Cable Modem
 Interface
– Data passes through the MAC and goes into the computer interface of
the cable modem
– PCI bus, USB, Ethernet, HomePNA

 CPU - microprocessor
– Required for external cable modems

 Single-chip cable modem are emerging

– Combines the MAC, demodulator, burst modulator,
CPU,Ethernet/HomePNA/PCI/USB interfaces
– Additional parts such as memory, tuner, analog, power supply will not
be within the single-chip cable modem
ARCHITECTURE
 CABLE ARCHITECTURE
New Services
Opportunities PacketCable DOCSIS CableHome
•HVAC control
•Fire sense & control
•Security
•Air quality monitoring CM
CM
•Child monitoring CMTS CM
MPEG Services
•Energy management, etc.
CM
CM
Operator Core Operator
Aggregation CMTS CM
Backbone
network CM
•Remote file sharing CM CM
IP Services •Shared calendar CMTS CM
•Unified messaging
•Managed services CM
Core Network Aggregation Network Access Network

Operator administered

Backend Headend
© Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. 2005. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary/Confidential
CPE
22
 Cable TV architecture
 Cable Modem Termination
System (CMTS) and Cable
Modem
 Docsis Service
 Transfer bi-directional data
traffic between service
provider’s head end(CMTS)
and customer’s cable modem
 CATV tree-and-branch
infrastructure provides data
conduit: fiber and coax cables
with amplifiers -- hybrid-
fiber/coax (HFC)
 Wide BW and fast data rate for
DS
 Allocated BW and lower data
rate for US as compared to
Europe.
 LLC 802.2
 IEEE 802.2 is the IEEE 802 standard defining Logical Link Control
(LLC), which is the upper portion of the data link layer of the OSI
Model.

 The LLC sub-layer acts as an interface between the Media Access

Control (MAC) sub layer and the network layer.
 PMD
 Physical Medium Dependent : Generates electrical or optical signals
depending on the nature of the physical medium connected.

 In layer 1 of the (OSI) 7-layer internetworking model, PMD represents

the part of the physical layer (PHY) that dictates the way bits are
converted to physical signals, such as light in the case of fiber.
 MAC Media Access Control

 Medium Access Control, is a sublayer of the Data

Link Layer.
 It provides addressing and channel access for
several terminals, typically a local area network
(LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN).
 Now CM is on!!!
 Registration of CM into Network

 Acquiring upstream and downstream channels and encryption keys

from the CMTS and an IP address from the ISP.

 CM also determines propagation time from the CMTS in order to

synchronize itself with the CMTS

 Multiple handshakes between the CMTS and each CM

 Upstream data channel in Cable
Modem Physical Layer
 The upstream channel is divided into a stream of time division
multiplexed ‘mini-slots’ contain from 8 to 32 bytes of data.

 Each CM must learn its distance from the CMTS.

 This is called ranging.

 DATA RATE : 320 Kbps 10 Mbps

 Bandwidth/ Channel : 2 MHz for a 3Mbps QPSK Channel

 Frequency : 5-65 MHz

 Downstream data channel in
Cable Modem Physical Layer
 188 byte MPEG frames

 With 4 bytes of header and a 184 byte payload

 Data rates – 27-56 Mbps

Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC)
  Male F Connector
                          
 HYBRID FIBER-COAXIAL
(HFC)

 It is a telecommunications industry term for a broadband network

which combines optical fiber and coaxial cable.

 It is employed globally by all Cable TV operators and its

Infrastructure is shown below.
Hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC)
DOCSIS (VERSIONS)
 DOCSIS 1.0
 High Speed Internet Access.

 Downstream traffic transfer rates between 27 and 36 Mbps

 Upstream traffic transfer rates between 320 Kbps and 10 Mbps

(Average 5 Mbps)

 But, because data over cable travels on a shared loop, individuals will
see transfer rates drop as more users gain access.
 DOCSIS 1.1
 Support for multiple service flows per cable modem allows a single
modem to support a combination of video, voice and data packets.

 Dynamic service establishment to dynamically create,modify and

delete traffic flows.

 Fragmentation allows fragmenting larger data packet.

 Fragmentation and concatenation improve throughput.

 Enhanced Security
 DOCSIS 2.0
 Upstream Capacity

 Higher Modulation

 Impairment Protection
 DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS 3.0 provides the number of enhancements.

 10 bonded 6 Mhz channels as spectrum allocation for DOCSIS 3.0

 Downstream speed=171.52 Mbit/sec.

 Upstream speed= 122.88 Mbit/sec.

 Channel bonding.

 Support for IPTV.

 SERVICES OFFERED
 DOCSIS 1.0 provides the cable industry-platform the delivery of high-
speed data on cable modems.

 DOCSIS 1.1 provides high-quality digital voice, interactive gaming.

 DOCSIS 2.0 increases upstream throughput resulting in an increase in

the capacity to deliver high-speed data.

 DOCSIS 3.0 provides a platform for the evolution of the cable video
business into IPTV.
 COMPARISON
FEATURES DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 DOCSIS 2.0 DOCSIS 3.0

PHYSICAL LAYER CHANNEL 200 KHz – 3.2 6.4 MHz 10 bonded 6

WIDTH MHz Mhz

MODULATION Downstream: Downstream: 52 Downstream:

27-36 Mbps Mbps (approx) 170 Mbps
(approx) (approx)
Upstream :30
Upstream :10 Mbps (approx) Upstream :
Mbps (approx) 120 Mbps
(approx)

MAC LAYER DETERMINISTIC TDMA TDMA & S- TDMA

ACCESS CDMA
METHODS
CM & CMTS
CM Initialization
 Clock Synchronization

 CMTS sends out periodic sync messages that contain a 32-bit time
stamp of 10.24 MHz clock.
 CM receives sync messages and locks the frequency of it’s local clock
so that it matches the time stamp in the sync messages.
 CM now knows frequency of CMTS clock but not the phase because
of propagation delays in receiving the sync messages.
 Ranging Process

 Before initial transmission, CM loads it’s ranging offset register with a value to compensate
for the known delays (DS inter-leaver, implementation delays, etc.)
 The CM the adjusts it’s 32-bit sync counter by the amount in the ranging offset.
 The CM then selects an initial ranging slot and transmits.
 The CMTS measures the difference between the received and expected transmission
boundaries and sends that back to the CM as a ranging adjustment. It also communicates the
power level, frequency offset and delay adjustment to the CM.
 Bandwidth Management
 Request-Grant arbitration mechanism

 CM makes requests to the CMTS

– Requests can be made in Contention or as Piggybacks
– Contention is resolved using combination of Binary exponential back off
and Ack-Timer
– Piggyback is a request for additional bandwidth sent in a data
transmission
– Only one unresolved request allowed per priority per CM

 CMTS issues grants using a MAP message

 CM transmits data during its Grant period

TDMA Control
CM Request Grant Process
QPSK/QAM
 QPSK/QAM
 Phase Shift Keying(PSK) changes the phase of the carrier in step with
the digital message.
 For binary phase shift keying(BPSK) ,each symbol could indicate two
different states or one bit per symbol. In other words, 0=0 , 180=1.

 QPSK adds two more phases: 90 and 270 degrees. Now two symbols
per bit can be transmitted. Each symbol’s phase is compared relative
to the previous symbol; so, if there is no phase shift (0 degrees), the
bits “00” are represented. If there is a phase shift of 180 degrees, the
bits “11” are represented.
  ASK and PSK can be combined to create QAM where both the phase
and amplitude are changed.

 The receiver then receives this modulated signal, detects the shifts and
demodulates the signal back into the original data stream.

 16-QAM, each symbol can now represent four bits instead of just the
two bits per symbol with QPSK.

 Each point indicates a unique amplitude and phase of the wave (for
example, point (1,1) indicates 90 degrees and amplitude of 1).

 Table : Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Table : Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.
SECURITY
SECURITY
The Goal of DOCSIS security

 To provide CM users with data

privacy across the Network .

 To provide cable operators with

protection from theft of service .

 To provide security to all of the

CPE attached to the DOCSIS
Network.
 Security threats: 2 general categories:

 Security of Data Transport Services .

 Security of CPE devices, which use cable modems to attach to public

data networks.
 Data Transport Services Security
has two protocol components:

 An Encapsulation Protocol

 A Key Management protocol

 The Encapsulation protocol
 Frame Format for carrying encrypted packet data.

 Data Encryption and Authentication Algorithms.

 Rules for applying the Cryptographic Algorithms to a DOCSIS MAC

frame’s packet data.
Key Management Protocol
ADVANTAGES
FACTORS DOCSIS DSL
SPEED 2 TIMES FASTER THAN 1.5Mbps
DSL
COST CHEAPER (LOW COST OF EXPENSIVE
CABLE MODEMS)
SECURITY SECURITY BUNDLED IN LESS SECURE
HARDWARE MODEM
PROVIDED

ON CONNECTION PRESENT PRESENT

FUTURE ASPECTS
 Widox – Wireless Docsis
WiDOX based technology is a cost effective solution for delivering
fixed point to point or point to multipoint broadband services from a new
or existing wired backbone.

IT is suited to operations in the lower frequency bands, like 700 MHz.

A singlebase station has enough bandwidth to simultaneously support

more than 60 businesses.
HOW WIDOX WORK
 ADVANTAGE of Widox
Superior performance, voice.

To provide real time digital video broadcast.

Incredible Speed.

Emerging markets get access to broadband

 GROWTH OPERTUNITIES

Infrastructure Problems- ISPs

Present Stats :
25 Million Indian homes – Cable TV(more than phone lines in the
country)
Total population : 1 billion
Estimated Phone Lines : 19.1 million
Estimated PC’s : 3 million
Cable Operators :600,000
THANK YOU