Chapter 5: Cell Division

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5-1
 Cell Increase and Decrease
Cell division increases the number of
somatic (body) cells, and consists of:
• Mitosis (division of nucleus)
• Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
Apoptosis (cell death) decreases the
number of cells.

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The cell cycle Fig. 5.1

Most of the cell

cycle is spent in
interphase.
Following
interphase, the
mitotic stage of cell
division occurs.

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 The stages of interphase
G1 stage – cell growth, # of organelles
doubles
S stage – DNA synthesis and replication
occurs
G2 stage – protein synthesis for cell
division

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 The cell cycle Fig. 5.1
Following interphase
is the M stage,
including mitosis and
cytokinesis.

The cell cycle ends

when cytokinesis, the
cleaving of the
cytoplasm, is
complete.

Interphase Mitosis and cytokinesis

The Cell Cycle: G1  S  G2  M 5-5

 Fig. 5.1
G1
checkpoint

M The cell cycle is controlled

checkpoint at three checkpoints.
G2
checkpoint

DNA damage can stop the cell cycle at the G1 and G2 checkpoint.
If chromosomes are not properly aligned, cell cycle stops at the M
stage 5-6
 Apoptosis
Apoptosis - programmed cell death.
- occurs because of two sets of
enzymes called capsases.
“initiators” - receive a signal to
activate the “executioners”.
Executioners activate enzymes that tear
apart the cell and its DNA.

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 Maintaining the Chromosome
Number
During interphase, the DNA and
associated proteins is are called
chromatin.
During Mitosis , the chromatin
condenses to form highly compacted
structures called chromosomes.

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 Overview of Mitosis
The haploid (n) number of chromosomes
= the number of kinds of chromosome.
The diploid (2n) number of chromosomes
= two chromosomes of each kind.
Humans have 23 types (haploid) of
chromosomes, so we have a total pf 46
chromosomes (diploid).

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DNA replication takes place before nuclear division
occurs.

Page 85 A duplicated
chromosome is
made of two sister
chromatids held
together at the
centromere.

During mitosis, the

centromeres divide
and the sister
chromatids become
genetically identical. daughter
chromosomes.

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Mitosis overview Fig. 5.3

Diploid

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Following mitosis, a diploid parental cell
gives rise to two diploid daughter cells,
or 2n → 2n.
Mitosis occurs when tissues grow
(throughout the lifespan of the
organism) or when repair occurs.

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 Mitosis in Detail

Mitosis has four phases: prophase,

metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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Late Interphase Fig. 5.4

Chromatin is
condensing into
chromosomes.

Centrosomes have
duplicated.

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Early Prophase Fig. 5.5

Duplicated chromosomes
are visible.

Nuclear envelope is
fragmenting and nucleolus
will disappear.

Spindle fibers appear

between the separating
centrosomes.

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Late Prophase Fig. 5.5

Spindle is in process of
forming

Centromeres of
chromosomes are
attaching to centromeric
spindle fibers

Chromosomes have no
particular orientation

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Metaphase Fig. 5.5

Spindle is fully formed

(poles, asters, and fibers)

Chromosomes are at the

metaphase plate of the
fully formed spindle

Metaphase plate

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Anaphase Fig. 5.5

Centromeres divide

Sister chromatids
separate

Daughter chromosomes
begin to move toward the
opposite poles of the
spindle

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Telophase Fig. 5.5

Spindle disappears

Nuclear envelope
reappears

Chromosomes become
diffuse chromatin again

Cleavage furrow visible

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5-20
 How Plant Cells Divide
Plant cells lack centrioles and asters, but
have a centrosome and spindle and the
same four stages of mitosis.

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Cytokinesis in Plant and Animal
Cells
Cytokinesis, or cytoplasmic cleavage,
accompanies mitosis.
Cleavage of the cytoplasm begins in
anaphase, but is not completed until
just before the next interphase.

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 Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
The rigid cell wall surrounding plant cells
does not permit cytokinesis by
furrowing.
The Golgi apparatus releases vesicles
that microtubles move to the cell plate
forming between the two new cells.
New plant cell walls form and are later
strengthened by cellulose fibers.
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Cytokinesis in plant cells
Fig. 5.7

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 Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
Fig. 5.8
In animal cells, a
cleavage furrow
begins at the end of
anaphase.
A contractile ring
(actin and myosin)
filaments slowly
forms a constriction
between the two
daughter cells.

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 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
The process of asexual reproduction in
prokaryotes is called binary fission.
The two daughter cells are identical to
the original parent cell, each with a
single chromosome.
Following DNA replication, the two
resulting chromosomes separate as the
cell elongates.
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 Reducing the Chromosome
Number
Meiosis reduces the chromosome
number such that each daughter cell
has only one of each kind of
chromosome (Reduction Division).
Meiosis ensures that the next generation
will have:
1) the diploid number of chromosomes
2) A single copy of each type of
chromosome from each parent.
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Overview of meiosis
Fig. 5.9

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 Meiosis in Detail
The same four phases seen in mitosis –
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase – occur during meiosis I and
meiosis II.
Interkinesis - period between meiosis I
and meiosis II.
No replication of DNA occurs during
interkinesis because the DNA is already
duplicated.
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Meiosis I in an animal cell
From Fig. 5.12

Crossing over Homologous

can occur here chromosomes line up
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 From Fig.
5.12

Haploid – but chromosomes

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are duplicated
 From Fig. 5.13
Meiosis II
No need for duplication – just separation Haploid

Metaphase II

Prophase II Anaphase II
Telophase II

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 Comparison of Meiosis with
Mitosis
In both mitosis and meiosis, DNA
replication occurs only once during
interphase.
Mitosis requires one division while
meiosis requires two divisions.
Two diploid daughter cells result from
mitosis; four haploid daughter cells
result from meiosis.
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From Fig. 5.14

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 Genetic Recombination
There are two sources of genetic
recombination during meiosis:
1) crossing-over of nonsister chromatids and
2) independent assortment of homologous
chromosomes.
Both events assure new genetic combinations
in the offspring.
Genetic recombination is the process by which
the combination of genes in an organism's
offspring becomes different from the
combination of genes in that organism
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Synapsis and Crossing-over Occurs
During Prophase I
Fig. 5.10

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 Independent assortment
Fig. 5.11
Organism with 3 types
of chromosomes. 1M 1F 1F 1M
- 3 types of
chromosomes, 2 3M 3F
copies of each. 3M 3F
- one copy from each 2M
2M 2F 2F
parent.

Large = chromosome 1

Medium = chromosome 2 1F 1M 1M 1F

Small = chromosome 3
3F 3M 3F 3M

2M 2F 2F 2M

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 Life cycle of humans
The human life cycle requires both mitosis
and meiosis.

oogenesis

spermatogenesis
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Spermatogenesis

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Oogenesis

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 Sources of Genetic
Recombination in Humans
1) Independent assortment of
chromosomes during metaphase I
2) Crossing-over during prophase I
3) Upon fertilization, recombination of
chromosomes occurs.

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