Basic Operations in Digital Image Processing-WKF

CII4F3 / Digital Image Processing
Basic Operations in Digital Image Processing

Dr. Eng. Ir. Wikky Fawwaz Al Maki, S.T., M.Eng.
Intelligent Computing and Multimedia (ICM)
1 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Introduction
Point Operations
Homogenous Point Operations
Non-Homogenous Point Operations
Geomaetric Operations
Other Basic Operation in Digital Image Processing
Basic Gray Level Transformation
Logical Operations
Arithmetic Operations

POINT OPERATIONS

Point operations

Point operations changes a pixel’s intensity value according to some function
(don’t care about pixel’s neighbor)
Also called a homogeneous operation
New pixel intensity depends on

Pixel’s previous intensity
Mapping function
New pixel intensity does not depend on

Pixel’s location
Intensities of neighboring pixels

Point operations

Procedures that operate directly
on the pixels composing an
image.
where
• is the input image
• is the processed image
• is an operator on

Point Operation Pseudocode
Input: Image with pixel intensities defined as a matrix
Output: Image with pixel intensities
for m = 1 ... M
for n = 1 ... N
set F(m, n) = f (F(m, n))

HOMOGENEOUS POINT
OPERATIONS

Homogeneous Point Operations
Addition
(Changes brightness)
Multiplication (Stretches/shrinks image contrast range)
Real‐valued functions
exp(x), (1/x), xp, log(x), etc
Quantizing pixel values
Global thresholding
Gamma correction

Thresholding : Introduction
Input values below threshold ath set to a0
Input values below threshold ath set to a1
Converts grayscale image to binary image (binarization) if

a0 = 1
a1 = 1

Thresholding function
Producing binary image or
two-level image
The mapping process which

can produce binary images is
called the thresholding
function
Thresholding level : k

Thresholding : Example

Gamma Correction : Introduction
Different camera sensors
Have different response to light
intensity
Produce different electrical
signals for same input
How do we ensure there is

consistency in:
Images recorded by different
cameras for given light input
Light emitted by different display
devices for same image

Gamma Correction : Introduction
What is the relation between

Camera : Light on sensor vs intensity of corresponding pixel
Display : Pixel intensity vs light from that pixel
Relation between pixel value and corresponding physical quantity is

usually complex, non linear
An approximation?

What is Gamma?
Originates from analog photography
Exposure function : relationship

between:
Logarithmic light intensity vs
resulting film density
Gamma : slope of linear range of the

curve
The same in TV broadcasting

What is Gamma?

Gamma function : A good approximation of
exposure curve
Inverse of Gamma function is another

gamma function with
Gamma of CRT and LCD monitors:

1.8 – 2.8 (typicaly 2.4)

Gamma Correction
Obtain a measurement b proportional to original light intensity B by applying
inverse gamma function
Gamma correction is important to achieve a device independent representation

Gamma Correction

Effect of Reducing Gamma

When the is reduced too much, the image begins to reduce contrast to the point
where the image may start to have slight “washed-out” look, especially in the
background (a) image has a washed-out appearance,
it needs a compression of lighter
gray levels needs > 1
(b) result after power-law

transformation with = 3.0 (suitable)
(c) transformation with = 4.0 (suitable)
(d) transformation with = 5.0 (high

contrast, the image has areas that
are too dark, some detail is lost)

NON-HOMOGENEOUS POINT
OPERATIONS

Non‐Homogeneous Point Operation
New pixel value depends on:
Old value + pixel’s location

Clamping
Deals with pixel values outside displayable range
Function below will clamp (force) all values to fall within range [a,b]

Example: Modify Intensity and Clamp
Point operation: increase image contrast by 50% then clamp values

above 255
Increase contrast by 50%

Clamping : Intensity Windowing
A clamp operation, then linearly stretching image intensities to fill

possible range
To window an image {a, b} with max intensity M

Clamping : Intensity Windowing # 2

GEOMETRIC OPERATIONS

Geometric Operations : Introduction
Filters, point operations change intensity
Pixel position (and geometry) unchanged
Geometric operations: change image

geometry
Examples: translating, rotating, scaling an

image

Geometric Operations : Introduction
Example applications of geometric operations:
Zooming images, windows to arbitrary size
Computer graphics: deform textures and map to arbitrary surfaces
Definition: Geometric operation transforms image I to new image I’ by modifying
coordinates of image pixels
Intensity value originally at (x,y) moved to new position (x’,y’)

Geometric Operations
Since image coordinates can only be discrete values, some

transformations may yield (x’,y’) that’s not discrete
Solution: interpolate nearby values

Simple Mapping
Translation: (shift) by a vector (dx, dy)
Scaling : (contracting or stretching)

along x or y axis by a factor sx or sy

Simple Mapping #2

Shearing: along x axis dan y axis by
factor bx dan by
Rotation: rotating the image by an

angle

Image Flipping and Rotation by 90 degrees
We can achieve 90, 180 degree rotation easily
Basic ide : Look up a transformed pixel address instead of the current one
To flip an image upside down:

At pixel location x, look up the color at location x(1-y)
For horizontal flip :

At pixel location xy, look up (1-x)y
Rotating an image 90 degrees counterclockwise

At pixel location xy, look up (y, 1-x)

Image Flipping and Rotation by 90 degrees

Image warping : we can use a function
to select which pixel somewhere else in
the image to look up
For example : apply function on both

coordinates (x,y)

Non Linear Image Warping

Image Warping

Homogenous Coordinates
Notation useful for converting scaling, translation, rotating into

point-matrix multiplication
To convert ordinary coordinates into homogenous coordinates

Affine (3-point) mapping
Can use homogenous coordinates to rewrite translation, rotation, scaling, etc as
vector-matrix multiplication
Affine mapping : can the derive values of matrix that achieve desired
transformation (or combination of transformations)
Inverse of transform matrix is inverse mapping

OTHER OPERATIONS IN DIGITAL
IMAGE PROCESSING

Contrast Stretching
Transforming each pixel to obtain an
image with higher contrast
The gray level below the value k is

set to be darker whereas the gray
level above the value k is set to be
brighter
Method: contrast stretching

Contrast Stretching
(a) increase the dynamic range of the gray
levels in the image
(b) a low-contrast image : result from poor
illumination, lack of dynamic range in
the imaging sensor, or even wrong
setting of a lens aperture of image
acquisition
(c) result of contrast stretching: (r1 ,s1 ) =
(rmin,0) and (r2 ,s2 ) = (rmax,L-1)
(d) result of thresholding (r1=r2=m, binary
image). m, mean grey level in the
image.

Contrast Stretching
The locations of (r1 ,s1 ) and (r2 ,s2 ) control the shape of the
transformation function.
If r1= s1 and r2= s2 the transformation is a linear function and

produces no changes.
If r1=r2 , s1=0 and s2=L-1, the transformation becomes a thresholding

function that creates a binary image.
Intermediate values of (r1 ,s1 ) and (r2 ,s2 ) produce various degrees
of spread in the gray levels of the output image, thus affecting its
contrast.

Contrast Stretching
See the difference?

Contrast Stretching
See the difference?

Inverting images
2 steps
1. Multiple intensity by ‐1
2. Add constant (e.g. ) to put
result in range [0, ]
original Inverted image

Image Negatives (Inverted Images)
Image negatives useful for enhancing white or grey detail
embedded in dark regions of an image
Note how much clearer the tissue is in the negative image of the
mammogram below

BASIC GRAY LEVEL
TRANSFORMATION

Basic of transformation

Usually, image transformation is applied to neighboring pixels
Case : averaging
Spatial filtering :
Spatial filter = spatial mask, kernel, mask or window
The kernel of spatial filter has a specific size (3x3, 5x5, etc)

The smallest probability of neighborhood has the size 1x1. The output image (g)
only depends on the pixel values of the input image (f) at a single point. If T is a
intensity (gray level or mapping) transformation function, then the transformation
of an input image can be mathematically expressed as:
s=T(r) where s is a pixel at g and r is a pixel at f

Introduction
3 most common gray level transformation:
Linear
Negative / identity
Logarithmic
Log / inverse log
Power law
nth power

Logarithmic Transformation
Maps narrow range of input pixels  wider range of output pixels
Inverse log transformation does opposite transformation
The general form of the log transformation is
Log transformation of Fourier transform shows more detail

Power Law Transformation
Power law transformation have the form
Map narrow range of the dark input values into

wider range of output values or vice versa
Varying gives a whole family of curves

Power Law Transformation
Magnetic Resonance (MR) image of

fractured human spine
Different power values highlight

different details

LOGIC OPERATIONS

Logic Operations
Logic operation performs on gray-level images, the pixel values are processed
as binary numbers
light represents a binary 1, and dark represents a binary 0
NOT operation = negative transformation

Boolean operator
Basic Boolean operator  AND, OR, NOT
Other Boolean operators: NAND, NOR, XOR

Example of AND Operation

Example of OR Operation

ARITHMETIC OPERATION

Introduction
X opr Y = Z
– X: image
– Y: image or scalar quantity
– Z: image
Computation Level:
– Pointwise: every element X and Y
– Matrix based: involves neighbor pixels

Arithmetic Operation
Operation
Arithmetic operation in digital

image processing:
– Addition
– Substraction
– Multiplication X Y Z
– Division Operation
In RGB image case, the operations is Y
employed to each plane / channel

X Z

Image Addition
If Y is an image:
– Z : sum of the brightness level of each pixels at X and Y
If Y is a scalar quantity:
– Z : a brighter image of X
– increased brightness level is similar to those of Y

Image Subtraction
Enhancement of the differences between images

Image Subtraction
Enhancement of the differences between images

WHAT POINT OPERATIONS CAN’T
DO?

Sharpening

Artistic pattern
Cool artistic pattern by combining pixels

THANK YOU

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CII4F3 / Digital Image Processing

Basic Operations in Digital Image Processing

1 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

2 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

3 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Also called a homogeneous operation

New pixel intensity depends on

New pixel intensity does not depend on

4 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

5 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Input: Image with pixel intensities defined as a matrix

Output: Image with pixel intensities

6 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

7 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Multiplication (Stretches/shrinks image contrast range)

Quantizing pixel values

8 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Input values below threshold ath set to a1

Converts grayscale image to binary image (binarization) if

9 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

The mapping process which

10 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

11 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

How do we ensure there is

12 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

What is the relation between

Relation between pixel value and corresponding physical quantity is

13 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Exposure function : relationship

Gamma : slope of linear range of the

The same in TV broadcasting

14 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Inverse of Gamma function is another

Gamma of CRT and LCD monitors:

15 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Gamma correction is important to achieve a device independent representation

16 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

17 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

(b) result after power-law

(c) transformation with = 4.0 (suitable)

(d) transformation with = 5.0 (high

18 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

19 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Old value + pixel’s location

20 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Deals with pixel values outside displayable range

21 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Point operation: increase image contrast by 50% then clamp values

Increase contrast by 50%

22 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

A clamp operation, then linearly stretching image intensities to fill

To window an image {a, b} with max intensity M

23 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

24 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

25 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pixel position (and geometry) unchanged

Geometric operations: change image

Examples: translating, rotating, scaling an

26 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Intensity value originally at (x,y) moved to new position (x’,y’)

27 11/02/2020 CIG4E3 / Pengolahan Citra Digital

Since image coordinates can only be discrete values, some