Session - 8

Praveen D Nagarajan
 Classification of dyes
• Dyes can be classified based on their chemical
structure and on the mode of application.
• Dyes can be classified based on their chemical
structure and on the mode of application.
• Azo dyes, anthraquinonoid dyes, indigoid dyes, triaryl
methane dyes, monochloro and dichloro triazinyl dyes,
vinyl sulphone dyes are a few examples of dye classes
based on their structure.
• Classification of dyes based on the mode of their
application is more important in practical aspects.
 Classification of dyes
Dyes

Ready made Dyes Ingrain dyes

Water soluble Water insoluble Azoic oxidation mineral

(Eg) Direct dyes (Eg) Vat dyes Dyes colours colours
Acid dyes Sulphur dyes
Basic dyes Disperse dyes
Reactive dyes
 Readymade Dyes
• The dyes which are readily available in the
market for instant application with fibres are
known as readymade dyes.
These dyes are further divided into two
categories,
• Water soluble dyes
• Water Insoluble dyes
 Water soluble dyes

Dyes which are readily soluble in water are

known as water soluble dyes.
Direct dyes,
Acid dyes,
Basic dyes &
Reactive dyes are the water soluble dyes.
 Water Insoluble dyes
Dyes which are not soluble in water readily, are
called water insoluble dyes. However, these dyes
are converted into soluble ones by the addition of
suitable chemicals before they are applied on the
fibres.
Val and sulphur dyes are reduced using reducing
chemicals and then applied on cotton fibres.
Disperse dyes are not made into soluble one but
made into fine dispersion and then applied on
polyester, acrylic and nylon fibres.
 Ingrain Dyes
• Ingrain dyes are not readily available for instant
application but the actual dyes are produced
inside the fibre itself during dyeing, by applying
two or more raw materials in to the fibre.
• Azoic dyes are formed inside the Fibre by the
application of naphthol and fast base successively
inside the fibre and similarly mineral khaki,
phthalogen blue and aniline black are some of
the dyes which are formed inside the fibre only.
 Dyeing – An Introduction
• Dyeing can be carried out on the textile
material which may be in any physical form
like loose fibre, tow, tops, yarn, woven fabric,
knitted fabric or in garment form.
• But usually textiles are dyed in yarn and fabric
form for most of the commercial purposes.
• Dyeing can be done either as a batch process
or as a continuous process.
 Batch Dyeing
• During batch dyeing, a batch comprising of a
certain length or weight of textile is dyed using
a compact single dyeing machine such as
jigger, winch, soft flow, jet, beam, cabinet yarn
dyeing machine, cheese dyeing machine etc.
• This dyeing is continued for a predetermined
length of time usually, a few hours.
 Continuous dyeing
• In continuous dyeing, there will be a sequence of machinery
chambers where-in the well prepared textile material is
impregnated with the dye solution in the first section, then passed
into the fixation chamber, or any other chemical bath used for
fixation, then the material is washed off and finally dried to
complete the process.
• Here the production is continuous in terms of meters per minute.
• Continuous dyeing is ideal and economical when a large amount
of textile must be dyed to the same shade. 
The End