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Chapter 3 Synchronous Generator
Chapter 3 Synchronous Generator
1 Dr Audih
Introduction :
The customer must receive electrical power at constant
frequency and voltage
The system load changes continuously
The loads between generation and consumption must be
balanced load as possible.
The active power balance is controlled by generators ,another
method is load shedding.
The reactive power balance is controlled by generators and static
components.
At the same electric grid for many synchronous generators all
must be in synchronism , because they operate at the same
frequency and the angular differences between the voltage
angles of each generator. If any one changes its angle of
operation, all the others are affected.
2 Dr Audih
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
Stator
3 Rotor Dr Audih
Turbine for
power Plant
(Steam turbine)
Gas Fuel
Combustion AC
100% chamber oC
1150 Power
33%
6 Dr Audih
Voltage Control and Reactive Power
1-Automatic voltage control (AVC)
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Electrical Frequency
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Rotating field
jXs jXl Ra
+
Ia
+
E Vt 0o
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUTS
Generator:
Motor:
V E I R j Xs V E I R j Xs
Synchronous machine
11 Dr Audih
Current and voltage at synchronous machine
1- If the synchronous machine working as generator and
since the internal impedance in which the resistance is
very small compared with its reactance ,then the
resistance may be neglected and Z=jXg, the internal
voltage and current become: :
Ea Va jX g .I a
Va Ea jX g .I a
Ea Va
Ia
jX
Same for Vb ,Vc , I b and I c
I n I a Ib I c
12 Dr Audih
2- If the synchronous machine working as motor
The internal voltage and current become: :
Ea Va jX m .I a
Va Ea jX m .I a
Ea Va
Ia
jX m
if the E= 0 (motor case ) , then
Va
Ia
jX m
Same for Vb ,Vc , I b and I c
In I a Ib I c
13 Dr Audih
Generator Motor
Over- excitation Under- excitation Over- excitation Under -excitation
E cos V E V E V
E cos V
I lagging V by I leading V by I leading V by I lagging V by
E leading V by E leading V by E lagging V by E lagging V by
is smaller compared is grater compared is smaller compared is grater compared
with under excitaion with over excitaion with under excitaion with over excitaion
S VI * P jQ S VI * P jQ S VI P jQ
*
S VI * P jQ
Supply Q to network Consum Q from system Supply Q to network Consum Q from system
like (capacitive load ) Like (Capacitive load )
Like (inductive load ) like (inductive load )
E = V + I(R + jX s ) E V = E I(R + jX s )
E =V + I(R + jX s ) E E = V I(R + jX s )
14 Dr Audih
Controlling of P and Q of synchronous machine
Power angle characteristics ( )
E o
,
V 0o and
Z o
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Sin R- is very small compared with X then :
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Solution :
208
a ) V1 120 V / phase
3
S 5000
Stator current at rated kVA is I s 13.9 A
3VLL 3 208
for 0.8 lagging P.F . 36.9o
E f V 0 jX s I s 1200o 13.9 36.9o 890o
o
20 Dr Audih
Some Important Conclusions
•* The frequency is a common parameter throughout the system
•* The voltage is controlled locally
* The control mechanism for P (rotor angle) and Q (voltage
amplitude) operate more or less separately
•*The voltage depends on the reactive power
•*The angle of transmission depends on the active power
* Machine can be loaded gradually up to Pmax (static stability
limit)
* Beyond 90 degree, machine loss synchronism
* Field current (E) need to be increase if the machine loss
synchronism
21 Dr Audih