Mobile Technologies

• GSM
– Global system for mobile for communication
• CDMA
– Code division Multiple access
• UMTS
– Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
• GPS
– Global Positioning System
 GSM
• “Global system for mobile” for communication which is the leading
digital system
• The GSM slandered for digital cell phone was establish in Europe in
the MID 1980’s,has become the international standard in
EUROPE,Australia Asia and Africa
• In the covered area ,cell phone user’s need to by one phone that will
work any where the standard is supported
• To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries
GSM users simply use SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
MODULE(SIM) cards.
• SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell
phone
• They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need
to aces a particular wireless services provider
• 1900-MHZ GSM phones used in the USA are not
compatible with the international system
• GSM allows network operators to offer roaming
services so that subscribers can use their phones on
GSM networks all over the world
• GSM uses the narrowband TDMA , which allows the
eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.
• TDMA (Time division Multiple Access) a technology
is used for delivering the digital wireless service using
time division Multiplexing
• TDMA works by dividing the radio frequency into
time slots and then allocating slots to multiple calls ,
in this way a single frequency can support multiple
simultaneous data channels
• GSM digitlize and compress the voice data , then
send it down a channel with other stream of user
data ,each in its own time slot
• GSM is use the “Encryption” to make phone calls
more secure
• GSM operates on in the 900 –Mhz to 1800 –Mhz
band in EUROPE and 1900-Mhz in the USA
• The key advantage of GSM systems to consumers
has been better voice quality and low-cost
alternatives to making calls, such as the Short
message service (SMS, also called "text
messaging").
 SIM card
• Subscriber infinity module – is a chip , the size of a
postage stamp
• It is a key element in over 600Million GSM mobile
representing the 70 percent mobile market .
• A SIM is a tine computer chip that gives a cellular
device its unique phone number.
• It has a memory (for data and applications) , a
processor and the ability to interact with the user.
• Current SIM have the 16 to 64 KB memory to store
the hundreds of Personal Phone numbers
• Alternatively, the user can also change operators
while retaining the handset simply by changing the
SIM.
• Some operators will block this by allowing the phone
to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by
them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is
illegal in some countries.
• In Australia, Canada, Europe and the United States
many operators lock the mobiles they sell.
• This is done because the price of the mobile phone is
typically subsidised with revenue from subscriptions,
and operators want to try to avoid subsidising
competitor's mobiles.
 CDMA
• Short for Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular
technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques Unlike
competing systems, such as GSM, that use TDMA
• One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea
of allowing several transmitters to send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel.

• This allows several users to share a bandwidth of different

frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing

• CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special

coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to
allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical
channel.
• By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA)
divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple
access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.

• CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and

data communications than other commercial mobile
technologies

• CDMA is a military technology first used during World

War II by English allies to foil German attempts at
jamming transmissions.
• It is defined to operate at 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz,
900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100
MHz.

•
 Countries with CDMA2000
operators
• Bangladesh: Pacific Telecom's CityCell is CDMA2000
1x RTT provider  
• Canada: Most providers are also using 1x including
Aliant, Bell Mobility, Manitoba Telecom Services, NMI
Mobility, NorthernTel, SaskTel, Solo Mobile, Télébec
Mobilité, TELUS Mobility and Virgin Mobile Canada.
• Pakistan: PTCL, World Call, and GoCdma provide
CDMA2000 connections
• India: BSNL, Reliance Communications and Tata
Teleservices are major wireless services providers on
CDMA
 GPS
• Global Positioning System
• is a U.S. space-based radionavigation system that provides
reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to civilian
users on a continuous worldwide basis
• For anyone with a GPS receiver, the system will provide
location and time.
• GPS provides accurate location and time information for an
unlimited number of people in all weather, day and night,
anywhere in the world.
• The GPS is made up of three parts: satellites orbiting the Earth;
control and monitoring stations on Earth; and the GPS
receivers owned by users
• GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that are picked up and
identified by GPS receivers.
• Each GPS receiver then provides three-dimensional location (latitude,
longitude, and altitude) plus the time.
• Individuals may purchase GPS handsets that are readily available
through commercial retailers
• Equipped with these GPS receivers, users can accurately locate where
they are and easily navigate to where they want to go, whether walking,
driving, flying, or boating.
• GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide,
providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations
• Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for location
and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions
• Everyday activities such as banking, mobile
phone operations, and even the control of
power grids, are facilitated by the accurate
timing provided by GPS.
• Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless
others perform their work more efficiently,
safely, economically, and accurately using the
free and open GPS signals.
 UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
• UMTS represents an evolution in terms of
capacity, data speeds and new service
capabilities from second generation mobile
networks.
• UMTS is one of the emerging mobile phone technologies
known as third-generation, or 3G.
• Third-generation systems are designed to include such
traditional phone tasks as calls, voice mail, and paging,
but also new technology tasks such as Internet access,
video, and SMS, or text messaging.
• . Current rates of transfer for One of the main benefits of UMTS is
its speed broadband information are 14 MB / second.
• This speed makes possible the kind of streaming video that can
support movie downloads and video conferencing
• UMTS makes it possible for you to enjoy all of the functionality of
your home computer while you are roaming
• UMTS network services have different QoS classes for four types of
traffic:

-Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming)

-Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast)
-Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database
access)
-Background class (email, SMS, downloading)
• All UMTS/GSM dual-mode phones should
accept existing GSM SIM cards
• you are allowed to roam on UMTS
networks using GSM SIM cards from the
same provider.
• In the United States, UMTS is currently
offered by AT&T Mobility on 850 MHz
and 1900 MHz
• UMTS went live as a network for the first time in Japan in
2001. Austria had its own network two years later.
• The U.S. has employed UMTS networks in several large
cities, and the number is steadily growing
• UMTS is based on the Global System for Mobile (GSM)
standard, which is the gold standard in Europe and
more than 120 countries worldwide some time refer
3GSM
• As UMTS gains in credibility and functionality, experts
believe it will overtake GSM as the industry standard.
• UMTS is already able to operate at a higher frequency
than GSM.
 2-G
• 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone
technology.
• The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems
(IG) is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog,
while 2G networks are digital.
• 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and
CDMA-based standards
• The main 2G standards are:
• GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide
(Time Division Multiple Access)
– iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in
the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada
• 2G services are frequently referred as
Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in
the United States.
• 2.5G services enable high-speed data transfer
over upgraded existing 2G networks. Beyond
2G, there's 3G
 3G
• 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and
technology, after 2G.
• It is based on the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) family of standards under the International Mobile
Telecommunications programme, "IMT-2000".
• 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a
wider range of more advanced services while achieving
greater network capacity through improved spectral
efficiency.
• Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony and
broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
Typically, they provide service at 5-10 Mb per second.
• The most significant feature of 3G mobile
technology is that it supports greater numbers
of voice and data customers — especially in
urban areas — and higher data rates at lower
incremental cost than 2G
• It also allows the transmission of 384 kbit/s for
mobile systems and 2 Mb/s for stationary
systems
• 3G users are expected to have greater capacity
and better “spectrum efficiency”, which
allows them to access global roaming between
different 3G networks.
 4G (also known as beyond 3G )
• Fourth-Generation Communications System, is a term
used to describe the next step in wireless communications.
• It us used for forthcoming applications like wireless
broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service, video
chat, mobile TV, High definition TV
• higher data rates than previous generations
• 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.
• This will be achieved after wired and wireless technologies
converge and will be capable of providing 100 Mbit/s and
1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors