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Water Requirements For Crops: Chapter No 02 by Santosh Kumar Garg
Water Requirements For Crops: Chapter No 02 by Santosh Kumar Garg
CROPS
Chapter No 02
By
Free Flooding
Border Flooding
Furrow Method
Basin Method
1. Free Flooding:
The land is divided into suitable size plots by
ridging. Each plot is practically levelled. Water
is admitted at the higher or upstream end of the
plot and when water reaches its downstream or
the lower end of plot, the supply of water is cut
off.
If the water is made to flow over the surface too
quickly, an insufficient amount will percolate
into the soil and if water is kept on surface too
long, waste will result from persecution beyond
the root zone. It is therefore difficult to apply
water efficiently by flooding method.
2. Border Flooding:
Land is levelled and divided by about 1 high
lunds into a number of 30 to 60 feet wide and
330 to 1320 feet long strips. Water is allowed at
the head or upper end of each strip and it flows
down along the strip in the form of a thin 2 inch
to 3 inch sheet of water to the lower end of the
strip.
3. Furrow Method:
The furrow method is usually useful for crops which are
planted in rows, like onions chillies etc. and also for
those crops which need open dry land for proper growth.
In this method a number of furrows are laid out on the
land with a plot between every two furrow. The water is
the two neighbouring furrows percolates from their beds
and sides and this saturates the root zone of the plants
between two furrows. This method necessitates 1/2 to
1/5th of the surface being wetted with water thus
reducing the evaporation losses.
4. Basin Method:
In this method a basin is excavated around a
plant (e.g. a tree). the basin is filled with water
which percolated gradually to the root zone.
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION:
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying
irrigation water which is similar to rainfall.
Water is distributed through a system of pipes
usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the
air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray
heads so that it breaks up into small water drops
which fall to the ground.
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION (Cont):
The conditions favouring sprinkler irrigation are
Soils too porous for good distribution by surface
methods.
Shallow soils, the topography of which prevents
proper levelling for surface irrigation method.
Land having steep slopes and early erodible soils.
Undulating land, too costly to level sufficiently for
good surface irrigation.
Labour available for irrigation is either not
experienced in surface methods of irrigation or is
unreliable.
Types of Sprinklers:
Fixed Nozzles attached to Pipes
Perforated Pipes
Rotating Sprinklers
1. Fixed Nozzles attached to Pipes:
Parallel pipes are installed about 50 apart and
supported on rows of posts (pillars). Water is
discharged at right angles perpendicularly from
the pipeline. The entire 50 width between pipe
lines may be irrigated by turning the pipes
through about 135 degrees.
2. Perforated Pipes:
The perforated pipes do not cover a wide strip.
The pressures may be as low as 10 psi.
3. Rotating Sprinklers:
The rotating sprinklers may have a rate even less
than 0.1 per hour. Pressure may range from 30
psi for smaller sprinklers to over 100 psi for the
larger units.