BUSINESS STATISTICS

PRESENTATION

Different Methods To Present Frequency Distribution

Graphically
 ADVANTAGES
1. It looks more attractive and informative to an
ordinary person.
2. A complex problem can be clarified easily.
3. It reveals hidden facts which are not apparent in a
tabular format.
4. It facilitates comparison.
5. The rate of change of values can be easily
understood.
6. It helps interpolation of values.
 DISADVANTAGES
1. The figures represented by a diagram are only
approximate unlike a table which shows the figures
correctly.
2. A diagram cannot show details unlike a table where
details can be shown by increasing the number of
rows and columns.
3. Diagrams are time-consuming to prepare.
4. Diagrams are sometimes misleading. Common
people often come to an erroneous conclusion from
a diagram.
 DIFFERENT TYES OF
GRAPHICAL REPRESENATION

LINE CHART HISTOGRAM

BAR CHART FREQUENCY

POLYGON
PIE CHART
O-GIVE
RATIO CHARTS
 FEW TERMS
• Class boundaries: Two actual limits corresponding
to a class interval are known as class boundaries.
• Class length: The difference between the upper class
boundary and the lower class boundary is known as
class length.
• Cumulative frequency: The total of all prior
frequencies to that value or the total of all prior
frequencies including the corresponding one is called
cumulative frequency.
 BAR CHART
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart
with rectangular bars with lengths
proportional to the values that
they represent. Bar charts are
used for comparing two or more
values that were taken over time
or on different conditions, usually
on small data sets. The bars can
be horizontally lines or it can also
be used to mass a point of view.
They can also be used to make a
comparison between certain
items.

The following figure shows the

graph for sale of fruits in the year
2007.
 LINE CHART
A line chart or line graph is a type of
graph, which displays information as a
series of data points connected by
straight line segments. It is a basic type
of chart common in many fields. It is
an extension of a scatter graph, and is
created by connecting a series of points
that represent individual measurements
with line segments. A line chart is often
used to visualize a trend in data over
intervals of time, thus the line is often
drawn chronologically.

The following graph shows the line

chart for different temperatures
recorded in New York city for 6 days.
 PIE CHART
A pie chart (or a circle graph) is
a circular chart divided into
sectors, illustrating relative
magnitudes or frequencies. In a
pie chart, the arc length of each
sector (and consequently its
central angle and area), is
proportional to the quantity it
represents. Together, the sectors
create a full disk. It is named for
its resemblance to a pie which has
been sliced. The figure alongside
shows us a pie chart for
 CONSTRUCTION OF A PIE
CHART
1. Convert the frequency for each class into a
proportional part of the circle using the formula
2. Degrees=360f/n,
where f is the frequency for each class and n is the
sum of the frequencies.
3. Find the percentages corresponding to each class
4. Using a protractor , graph each section and write
its name and corresponding percentage.
 RATIO CHARTS
In science and engineering, a
semi-log graph or semi-log plot is
a way of visualizing data that are
changing with an exponential
relationship. Oe axis is plotted on
a logarithmic scale. This kind of
plot is useful when one of the
variables being plotted covers a
large range of values and the
other has only a restricted range –
the advantage being that it can
bring out features in the data that
would not easily be seen if both
variables had been plotted
linearly. This type however, is not
in our syllabus.
 FREQUENCY POLYGON

A frequency polygon shows approximately the smooth curve that

would describe a frequency distribution if the class intervals were made
as small as possible and the number of observations were very large.
The very common bell curve used to represent a normal distribution is
an idealized, smoothed frequency polygon.
One way to form a frequency polygon is to connect the midpoints
at the top of the bars of a histogram with line segments (or a smooth
curve). Of course the midpoints themselves could easily be plotted
without the histogram and be joined by line segments. Sometimes it is
beneficial to show the histogram and frequency polygon together.
Unlike histograms, frequency polygons can be superimposed so as
to compare several frequency distributions.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A
FREQUENCY POLYGON
1. Make a frequency table that includes class
midpoints and frequencies.
2. For each class place dots above class midpoint
at the height of the class frequency.
3. Put dots on horizontal axis one class width to
left of first class midpoint, and one class width
to right of last midpoint.
4. Connect dots with straight lines.
 EXAMPLE
The graph alongside shows a frequency
polygon for the following data.

CLASS HEIGHT IN
MIDPOINTS INCHES
59.5 2
60.5 2

61.5 4
62.5 1
63.5 7
64.5 9
65.5 13
66.5 13
67.5 12
68.5 8
 HISTOGRAMS
Histograms are bar graphs in which
the bars have the same width and
always touch (the edges of the bars are
on class boundaries which are
described below). The width of a bar
represents a quantitative variable x,
such as age rather than a category. The
height of each bar indicates frequency.
Before making a histogram, organize
the data into a frequency table which
shows the distribution of data into
classes (intervals). The classes are
constructed so that each data values
falls into exactly one class, and the
class frequency is the number of data
in the class.
The graph shows a histogram for data
containing the marks of students in an
exam.
 OGIVE
  A plot of the cumulative frequency against the upper class boundary
with the points joined by line segments. Any continuous cumulative
frequency curve, including a cumulative frequency polygon, is called an
ogive. There are two ways of constructing an ogive or cumulative
frequency curve. (Ogive is pronounced as O-jive). The curve is usually of
'S' shape. The relative slopes from point to point will indicate greater or
lesser increases; for example, a steeper slope means a greater increase than
a more gradual slope. An ogive, however, is not the ideal graphic for
showing comparisons between categories because it simply combines the
values in each category and thus indicates an accumulation, a growing or
lessening total. If you simply want to keep track of a total and your
individual values are periodically combined, an ogive is an appropriate
display. An o-give is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for
the classes in a frequency distribution. It shows how many of values of the
data are below certain boundary.
 CONSTRCTION OF AN OGIVE
1. Draw and label the x (horizontal) and the y (vertical) axes.
2. Represent the cumulative frequencies on the y axis and the
class boundaries on the x axis.
3. Plot the cumulative frequency at each upper class boundary
with the height being the corresponding cumulative frequency.
4. Connect the points with segments. Connect the first point on
the left with the x axis at the level of the lowest lower class
boundary.
# Note: For the ogive we need the class boundaries and the
cumulative frequencies
 The following shows an example f an ogive
constructed for 50 people
CLASS FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE
BOUNDARIES FREQUENCY
Blood Pressures of 50 Subjects
99.5 0 0
60
113.5 10 10
50
127.5 12 22 40
141.5 17 40 30

requency
155.5 5 44 20
ulativeF

169.5 3 47
m

10
Cum

183.5 0 47 0
99.5 127.5 155.5 183.5 211.5
197.5 1 48 Systolic Pressure
211.5 2 50
 THANK YOU
We would like to thank Sir for giving us a chance to present
before him this presentation and show interest in the subject .
Thank you all of you.
 PRESENTED BY GROUP 1
 Sumesh Sekhar  Nikhil Poddar

 Neha Golyan  Shubham Bohra

 Rahul Agawal  Nikita Poddar

 Radhika Agarwal  Rishi Kanoi

 Vivek Agarwal  Vishnu Agarwal

 Shalley Soni  Rajneesh Patra

 Vaishali Gupta  Yash Nathani