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Small States and Foreign Policy: Presented by - Govinda Ghimire
Small States and Foreign Policy: Presented by - Govinda Ghimire
FOREIGN POLICY
Paper 752-IRD TU
Presented By -Govinda Ghimire
Area of Presentation
Background – FP Analysis
Definitions , Theories & Concept of Small States
Small States in Terms of Power
SWOT Analysis of Small States
Few Promising Small States
Nepal as a Small State
Security of Third World Small States
Prescriptions for Small States
Role of Diplomats in Small States
References
Background of FPA
‘’Foreign Policy Analysis is action and reaction which states
initiate or react to for the purpose of altering or creating a
condition outside their territorial boundaries’’ –J.W 1980
The objective of Foreign Policy is to understand the external
behavior of states and of governments as the states
'authorized agents and devise the policies accordingly to
fulfill National Interests
Foreign Policy is a subfield of International Relations. It
depends on various factors and actors
Foreign policies are analyzed on the basis of Individual,
State and System level
Foreign policy is the articulation of national interests &
the means chosen to secure those interests : Both
Material and Ideational
Material Means : Concrete & Core ; Visible & Tangible (
Wealth
Natural Resources
Control of Territory
Ideational Means : Set of Ideas ; Invisible & Intangible
Values
Norms
Ideals
Political System
Economic System
In economic terms
Population, GDP, Quantitative - small states are not
Material Resources Territory, Small states lack Sum helpless. They can
Military Resources of material produce crucial
capabilities commodities which
may make base of
Realism power for small states.
Strategic Location
can work as a resource
of small states
Eg. Switzerrland ,
Singapore
Power As /Through Attributes Approach Strength of small
states
It increases the
Interdependence Complexity involved influence &
& Institutions in the exercise of Liberalism maneuverability of
power .Deemphasize small states. They
military force form rules &
procedures through
institutions to enhance
security and
cooperative efforts.
Small states turn to
International law &
Institutions to limit
the unilateralism of
great powers
Eg.Luxembourg
,Singapore ,Qatar
Power As /Through Attributes Approach Strength of small
states
Eg Scandinavian
Countries –Latin
American Countries
Intrinsic , Derivative & Collective Power
Soft Power
Coexistence
Respecting Culture –Hospitality ,Care & Share
& Creation )
Development of Technology – AI & e- Governance
Energy Security
Multilateralism -Highly Engaging, Representing &
Moderating
Threats – Challenges
Geographically & Economically Diverse
Security Threats – Cyber Security
Unique Vulnerabilities
Environmental degradation
Threat In Sovereignty & Extinction
Chance of becoming subordinate nation
A 4 minute video about diplomacy of Small States
Comparative study of few but very promising small states
Small States Strength Foreign Policy
& Strategy
New Zealand Proximity to Asia & Australia ,tourist appeal, large & Improved Polit
competitive Military Strate
Agricultural sector ,dynamic demographics
Preservation of
Finland Prudent economic policy, favorable business climate , skilled Identities
worked force –advanced industrues
Cuba Tourism & mining –nickel ,cobalt -Peaceful Co-Existence ( zone –of-
–agricultural potential –sugar peace)
,tobacco-cooperative Pvt sector –
skilled & inexpensive labor force- -Non Intervention
high quality medical & education
sectors –cooperation agreement -Non Interference
with EU
-Moderating
sovereignty
Non- interference in each other’s internal affairs
State Policy
To conduct an independent foreign policy based on the charter
of United Nations, non-alignment, principles of Panchasheel ,
International Law and the norms of world peace, taking into
consideration of the overall interest of the nation, while
remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty , territorial
integrity, independence and national interest of Nepal
Nepal- National Interest
Safeguarding of the freedom, sovereignty
Border security
Economic wellbeing
Prosperity
SAGA OF NEPAL FOREIGN POLICY-
A Tentative Glimpse
Bilateral Diplomatic Consulates Nepal’s Nepal & United
Relations Missions
Saga of Nepal Foreign Policy General of Regional Nations
/Embassies Nepal Affairs
Nepal & United SAARC- 8 Dec- Became Member
Kingdom 1985 On 14 Dec-1955
1816 -Nepal a good
BIMSTEC -6
Nepal _USA Nepal has almost -Kolkata- India contributor in
June -1997
1947 30 Embassies all -Hong Kong Peace Keeping
April over the world -Lhasa –China BBIN -14 May- Operations
Nepal –India -New York USA 1997 Permanent
1947 However there -Jeddah ( Saudi
ACD-18 June- Mission of Nepal
June are 25 residential Arabia) 2002 to UN
Nepal –China diplomatic -Guangzhou
Nepal & Asian -New York- USA
1955 missions & 82 Cooperation -Geneva-
Nepal _Russia non- residential Dialogue Switzerland
1956 -Vienna –Austria
Nepal has SCO-15 June UN Agencies in
bilateral -2001 Nepal
relations with Nepal & -FAO
168 * countries Shanghai -IFAD
as of now Cooperation -ILO
Organization -IOM
-OCHA HSU
UNHabitat/Wom
Nepal-India Relations
Nepal and India enjoy excellent bilateral ties. Founded on the
age-old connection of history , culture, tradition & religion
these relations are close , comprehensive & multidimensional
and are pronounced more in political, social, cultural,
religious and economic engagements with each other
Political Relations
Economic Relations
Economic Relations
small states
Neutrality , Neutralization & Non- Alignment –
Examples
entering into an aid agreement with Soviet Union and persuaded both
USSR & USA to establish their embassies in Kathmandu
King Mahendra maintained meticulous neutrality during Sino-
Indian war in 1962
King Mahendra could establish diplomatic relations with more
than 24 countries from a mere previously 5 countries and
recognition of Nepal in UN Security Council during his active
tenure
India and China both accepted Nepal’s policy of -nonalignment
for equal friendship .By bringing external powers and delicately
balancing them , Mahendra was able to offset Indian Pressure
on Nepal’s Sovereignty and thereby diminishing the
possibility of intervention by both India & China
Prescription for Small States
As a Moderator to establish peace and security in the global context
Small states should have a separate bloc’ ( International Forum)
‘in international and regional level ( subunits on the backdrop of
International as per regional need & demand) to establish their
solid presence & existence
Flexible Foreign Policy for economic development keeping their
identities intact
Invest heavily on Education’ and enhance service sector (produce
professional, advanced and smart human capital )
Strategic
Global Governance
FP of Small States at Present be …
THANK YOU !