Lesson 2: Atoms and Its

Structure
Bente Dos Kadigma
Laws of Chemical Change
In Chemistry, there are laws.
Law of Conservation of Mass
• This law states that in a chemical reaction, no change in mass takes place.
• The total mass of the product is equal to the total mass of the reactant.
 2NaOH + CaBr2 -> Ca(OH)2 + 2NaBr
Reactant Product
2NaOH CaBr2 Ca(OH)2 2NaBr
79.99 g. 199.88 g. 74.09 g. 205.786

Total: 279.87 g. Total: 279.876 g.

From the mass of the reactant and product side of the balanced chemical equation, we can
finally conclude that during the reaction, the mass of reactant and product are the same
thus, the mass has no change at all.
Law of Definite Proportion
• The proportion of mass of the elements in the given compound is always the
same.
• A compound always contains the same constituent elements in a fixed or
definite proportion by mass.
Law of Multiple Proportions
• If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of
one element that will combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in a
ratio of small whole numbers.
• When 2 elements forms a series of compounds, the ratio of the masses of the
2nd element that combined with 1 gram of the first element can also be
reduced to small whole numbers.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Proposed by John Dalton
• Can be used to explain the laws of chemical change
Dalton’s Atomic Theory is based on the following
postulates:
1. Elements are made up of very small particles known as atoms.
2. All the atoms of an element are identical in mass and size, and are different
from the atoms of another element.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element, combined in
definite ratios with whole number values.
4. During a chemical reaction, atoms combine, separate, or rearrange. No
atoms are created and no atoms disappear
Atoms
• The smallest part of matter that represents a particular element.
• In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early part of the twentieth,
scientists discovered that atoms are composed of certain subatomic particles
and that, no matter what the element, the same subatomic particles make up
the atom.
Subatomic Particles
1. Proton
• Positive charged subatomic particle
• Located inside the nucleus
2. Electron
• Negative charged subatomic particle
• Locates outside the nucleus
3. Neutron
• No charge subatomic particle
• Located inside the nucleus
 Subatomic Particles

Subatomic Particle Symbol Charge Mass (in grams) Location

Proton p+ +1 1.673 × 10-24 Inside of nucleus
Electron e- -1 9.109 × 10-28 Outside of nucleus
Neutron n0 0 1.675 × 10-24 Inside of nucleus
Atomic Number, Mass Number and
Isotopes
Atomic Number
1
Symbol H
Element Name Hydrogen
Atomic Weight 1.01 g/mol
Atomic Number
• Number of protons present in an element
Example:
• Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, so it has 1 proton.
• Oxygen has an atomic number of 8, so it has 8 protons.
• It is also the number of electrons present in a neutral element (no charge).
Mass Number
• Number of proton and neutron
• Also known as atomic weight in amu.
 Isotope
• Same number of proton but different number in neutron.

Isotopic Symbol
A
X
Z – atomic number
A – mass number
X – element symbol
Z
12 C-12

6
C Proton: 6
Neutron: 12-6 = 6
Electron: 6

7 Li-7

3
Li Proton: 3
Neutron: 7-3 = 4
Electron: 3