Course Code: SCE 101

Course Title: Basics in Natural Science

1
 Basics in Natural Science

Basics Natural Science

Implies That: It is Adjective…

Fundamentals Science in the
That broadest
characterized the sense, refers to
word Science. any systematic
Where Noun is knowledge or
Nature. practice.

2
Nature:
• The word nature is derived from the Latin word
natura,
• Natura was a Latin translation of the Greek word
physis , which originally related to the intrinsic
characteristics that plants, animals, and other
features of the world develop of their own accord.

• Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural

world, physical universe, material world or
material universe.
• "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical
world, and also to life in general.
3
Science:
• The Word Science comes from the Latin word
scientia, meaning knowledge.
• How do we define science?
In the broadest sense, Science refers to any systematic
knowledge or practice.

• It means to a system of acquiring knowledge.

This system uses observation and
experimentation to describe and explain natural
phenomena.
• Less formally, the word science often describes
any systematic field of study or the knowledge
gained from it.
4
 Different Branches of Science
The main goal of science is to know about Nature and
Nature contain Living matter, Non - Living matter and
energy.

Natural Science: Scientific knowledge about nature is

known as natural science.

Two types of Natural Science are:

I) Physical Science II) Biological Science

5
 Different Branches of Science
I) Physical Science : Deals with Non-Living Matter and Energy
II) Biological Science : Deals with Living Matter and Energy

Physical Science is mainly of five (5) types:

 Physics
 Chemistry
 Mathematics
 Astronomy
 Geology
Biological Science is mainly of two (2) types:
 Botany
 Zoology
6
 The Scientific Method
1. Observe an event.
2. Develop a model (or hypothesis) which makes a
prediction.
3. Test the prediction.
model
4. Observe the result.
5. Revise the hypothesis.
6. Repeat as needed.
test
7. A successful hypothesis becomes a Scientific Theory.

7
 Flow Chart of Make
Makeobservation
observation
Scientific Method
Ask
Askquestion
question

Develop
Develop
hypothesis
hypothesis

Test
Testhypothesis
hypothesis
with
with
Test experiment
experiment
Testhypothesis
hypothesis Revise
with
withfurther
further Revise
experiments hypothesis
hypothesis
experiments
Analyze
Analyzedata
data
and draw
and draw
conclusions
conclusions

Hypothesis
Hypothesis Hypothesis
Hypothesis
isis isisNOT
NOT
supported
supported supported
supported

Develop
Develop
theory 8
theory
 Medical Science
Scientific Method High Cholesterol
Observation Patient has high cholesterol
Hypothesis Certain chemicals may dissolve
(prediction) cholesterol deposits.
Test Give 100 patients these chemicals,
give 100 patients placebo.
Observe result Same number lower their
cholesterol as placebo patients.
Revise Try different combo of chemicals.
hypothesis?
New test? Re-run medical test. Observe
results.
9
Scientific Theory Lipitor reduces cholesterol.
Everyday Science
Scientific Method Car Repair
Observation Engine won’t turn over.
Hypothesis (prediction) battery is dead.
Test Replace battery.
Observe result Engine now turns over.
Revise hypothesis? Not Necessary
New test? No
Scientific Theory Cars won’t work without a
fully charged battery.

10
 Unit
Unit: If we want to measure any quantity then it is
possible to take limited amount of that quantity as
base and measure that quantity using the base. This
base is known as unit.
In other words, a specific measure of physical
quantity such as length, mass, time etc., specific
multiply of which are used to express magnitudes of
that physical quantity.
There are two types of unit
• Fundamental Unit :
• Derived Unit:.
11
 Unit
I) Fundamental Unit : Doesn’t depend on any
other unit.
Example:
• Unit of mass
• Unit of time
• Unit of length
II) Derived Unit : Depends on other units.
 Volume = length  height  width
= 1m  1m  1m
= 1m3
Density Mass
Volume
12
 Systems of Units
Foot-Pound-Second System or British System(F.P.S):
Unit of length: Foot
Unit of Mass : Pound
Unit of Time : Second
Centimetre-Gramme-Second System or French System(C.G.S):

Unit of length: Centimeter

Unit of Mass : Gramm
Unit of Time : Second

Metre-Kilogramme-System or System(M.K.S):

Unit of length: Meter

Unit of Mass : Kilogram
Unit of Time : Second
13
 International Systems of Units (S.I Unit)
The International system of Units (SI) is a system of
measurement that has been agreed internationally. The SI
is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities
assumed to be mutually independent, as given in Table
below.
Base quantity Base Unit
Name Symbol Name Symbol
Time t second s
Length l meter m
Mass m kilogram kg
Temperature T,  Kelvin K
amount of substance n mole mol
luminous intensity I candela cd
Electric current I ampere A 14
Different Units
Meter: The meter is the length of the path traveled
by light in vacuum during a time interval of a
second..
•Kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is
equal to the mass of the international prototype
of the kilogram
•Second: The second is the duration of 9 192
631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding
to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium 133
atom. 15
 Different Units
•Ampere: The ampere is that constant current which,
if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section,
and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce
between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7
Newton per meter of length.

•Kelvin: The Kelvin, unit of thermodynamic

temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of
water
16
 Different Units
Mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system
which contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is "mol."

When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be

specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,
other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

Candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in

a given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012
Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction
of 1/683 watt per steradian (Sr). 17
Matter:
Matter is any substance or material that occupies space and has
mass. Matter can exist as a Solid, Liquid or Gas. These are called
the three states of matter. For example: Wood, Chair, Soil,
Animals etc.
Matters are of 2 types
I) Living Matter :Man, Animal etc

II) Non - Living Matter: Chair, Soil, Building etc

Energy:
Energy is the capacity of a body to do work. Both people &
machines use energy to do work. For example: Light, Heat,
Sound etc.

18
Mass: Mass is the total amount of matter in something. it
depends on the number of atoms it contains and the size of
those atoms. it is a basic property of an object and cannot be
changed by the location, shape and speed of the object.

The SI unit for mass is the Kilogram (kg).

Gravitational field strength (G. F. S): The gravitational field

strength, g, is defined as gravitational force acting per unit mass
on an object. on earth, the gravitational field strength is 9.81 N/kg.

i.e a 1 kg object has a force of 9.81 N pulling on it due to earths

gravitional force.

G.F.S on the moon is 1.6 N/kg.

19
Weight: The weight of a body is the gravitational force with
which the earth attracts the body. The weight of a body is the
force that causes it be accelerated down word with the
acceleration of gravity (g)

Weight= Mass  Gravitational field strength

W=mg
where,
m=Mass of the object
g=Gravitational field strength

Weight is measured in Newton (the unit for force)

20
 Difference between Mass and Weight

Mass Weight
I) is the amount of matter in I) is the pull of gravity on the
the body body
II) has only magnitude but no II)Weight has both magnitude
direction and direction
III)is measured in kilograms III)is measured in Newton
IV)Mass is constant IV)changes from place to
place

A rock on the moon has a mass of 0.5 kg. It is brought to the earth where the
gravitational field is strong. On the earth the rock will have:
i) less mass & less weight ii) less mass & same weight
iii) the same mass & same weight iv) the same mass & more weight
21
Problem 1: Total mass of an object is 120 kg. What will be:
I) Weight on Earth?
II) Weight on the Moon?
III) Mass on the Moon?

Here,
II) weight on moon,
Mass, m = 120 kg
Wmoon = m  gmoon
on earth gearth = 9.8N/kg
= 120  1.6
on moon gmoon= 1.6 N/kg
= 192N Ans
I) weight on earth,
II) Wearth= m  gearth
III) Mass on moon = 120 kg Ans
=120  9.81
=1176N Ans
22
Problem 2: If a person has a mass of 60 kg on the earth, how much
will be weight on the moon.
Mass, m = 60 kg; g = 1.6 N/kg;
weight on earth,W = m  g =60  1.6 =96N Ans

Volume: Volume is the amount of space something takes up.

Volume= length  height  width
The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter(m 3).

1 The volume of a liquid is measured in liter.

m

1m

Here Volume = 1 m  1m  1m = 1 m3 23
Density: The density of a substance is defined as the amount of
matter contained in a unit volume of the substance.
p = Density
Density Mass
Volume m= Mass
p m v = Volume
v
The SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m 3)
Density of some common substance

Substance Density Substance Density

Air 1.29 Ice 920
Pure water 1000 Aluminum 2700
Sea water 1025 lead 11000
Mercury 13600 Gold 19000

24
If we take same volume of water and mercury then which one is
more heavier and why?
Mercury is much heavier than water because the density of
mercury is more then the density of water.

Problem 3: A box 0.4 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.1 m height, has a
density of 2500 kg/m3. Calculate its mass.
V=l  w  h Here,
= 0.4  0.3  0.1 Length(l) = 0.4 m
= 0.012m3 Wide (w) = 0.3 m
We know Height(h) = 0.1 m
m Density(P)= 2500 kg/m3
p v
m= p  v
= 2500  0.012
= 30 kg Ans
25
Problem 4: A 500 cm3 glass flask is filled with oxygen and
measure. The mass is found to be 50.72 g. By means of a vacuum
pump, the oxygen is then removed and the glass flask is again
measured. The new mass is found to be 50.00 g. Calculate the
density of oxygen.
mass of oxygen = (m1 – m2) Here,
= (50.72 – 50.00) Mass(m1) = 50.72 g
= 0.72 g Mass(m2) = 50.00 g
We know Volume(v)= 500 cm3
p mv
= 0.72 / 500 = 0.00144 g/cm3 Ans

Problem 5: A block of aluminum has a volume of 2m 3 and the

density of 2700 kg/m3. What is its mass?
We know
p m
v
m =p  v = 2700 kg/m3  2 m3 =5400 kgAns
26
 Motion

Motion means a constant change in the location of a

body. Change in motion is the result of applied force.
Motion is typically described in terms of velocity,
acceleration, displacement, and time. An object's velocity
cannot change unless it is acted upon by a force, as
described by Newton's first law.
27
 Distance and Displacement

• Distance: Distance is the total length covered by a moving

object irrespective of the direction of motion. Here only
magnitude is needed. It is normally denoted by ‘d’ and the
SI unit of distance is meter.
• Displacement: Displacement is distance measure in a
straight line and in a specified direction. So both magnitude
and direction are important. It is a vector quantity. It is
denoted by ‘x’ and its SI unit is meter. 28
Continue
End 3km

Start 5km

• A car travels 5 km to east and makes a sharp U-turn

back to travel a further distance of 3 km. Find (I)
Distance covered (II) its displacement
• (I) Distance Covered: 5 + 3 = 8 km (II)
Displacement: 5 - 3 = 2 km

29
 Speed and velocity

• Speed: Speed is the time rate of change of distance.

It is denoted by v. The SI unit of speed is ms-1 . It is a
scalar quantity. If a object travel distance d in time t
then its speeds is simply,
d
v
t 30
Continue
• Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of
displacement. It is denoted by v. The SI unit of
velocity is also ms-1 . It is a it is a vector quantity. If a
object travel distance d in a specific direction in time t
then its velocity is simply,
in a specific direction

d
v
t

31
Continue
Uniform Velocity:
25 cm 25 cm 25 cm 25 cm
1st Sec 2nd Sec 3rd Sec 4th Sec

Variable Velocity:
15 cm 35 cm 45 cm 5 cm
1st Sec 2nd Sec 3rd Sec 4th Sec

• Which one is uniform velocity?

32
Acceleration

• Acceleration: The time rate of change of velocity is

called acceleration. It is denoted by a.
• If the initial velocity of a object is u and after time t its
final velocity is v then the acceleration is
vu
a
t
33
Equation of motion
• See the supplied notes for equation of motion and the derivation.

34
35
Kinds of force
Forces can be BALANCED or UNBALANCED

Balanced forces are equal in size and opposite in

direction
Unbalanced forces are not equal in size and/or opposite
in direction. If the forces on an object are UNBALANCED,
we say a NET force results.

36
What is a Force?
FORCE = Any push or pull which causes something to
move or change its speed or direction

37
Balanced Force

38
What type of force is it?

39
Momentum
Momentum is the product of the mass and the
velocity of an object. It is denoted by P. The SI unit of
momentum is kgms-1. If the mass of an object is m
and velocity is v then its momentum is,
P = mv

40
Inertia
Inertia is the resistance of an object to a change in its
state of motion. In other word for which a body in
motion tends to remain in motion, a body at rest
tends to remain at rest is called inertia.

Never did it. Don’t be cruel to small.

Wish you are not this one. Use seat belt. 41

Newton's laws of motion

42
Newton's laws of motion
• First law: An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in
motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced net force.
• Second law: The rate of change of momentum of a body is
proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction in
which the force acts.
• Third law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

43
First Law: An object at rest stays at rest or an object
in motion, stays in motion (in the same direction/at the
same speed) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
Also called the law of inertia

44
Second law:
The greater the force, the greater the acceleration
The greater the mass, the greater the force needed for the
same acceleration
Calculated by: F = ma
 (F = force, m = mass, a = acceleration)

45
Free fall

If object fall freely then all object will take same time to
fall same distance

46
Third Law: For
every action
force, there is an
equal and
opposite reaction
force. (Forces are
always paired)

47
Examples of Newton’s 3 Law rd

a) rockets leaving earth

b)guns being fired
f) jumping out of a boat onto the
dock

48