HISTOLOGY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES
• Name the branches of respiratory tube from
Trachea to Alveoli
• Describe the microscopic structure of the
Trachea,Primary,Secondary,and Tertiary bronchi.
• Describe various cells found in respiratory tract.
• Draw a labelled diagram of the histological
appearance of Transverse section of Trachea and
Lung.
 CONTD
• Respiratory system includes the Lung and a
system of tubes that links the site of gaseous
exchange with the external environment.
• Respiratory system is primarily divided into 2
namely:
• Conducting portion
• Respiratory portion
 CONTD
• Conducting portion includes Nasal
cavity,Nasopharynx,Larynx,Trachea,Bronchi,Br
onchioles and Terminal bronchiole.
• Respiratory portion where gaseous exchange
takes place includes,Respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts and alveoli.
 FUNCTION OF CONDUCTING PORTION

• Serves as conduit through which air can travel

to and fro Lung
• It conditions inspired air.
• Most conducting portion is lined with
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, each
cell contains about 300cilia and beats towards
the Larynx.
 DIAGRAM
• Larynx->Trachea->Primary bronchus->Rt&Lt
Bronchus.
• Lt bronchus->Secondary bronchus->Tertiary
bronchus->Bronchopulmonary segment-
>Terminal bronchiole->Respiratory bronchiole-
>Terminal respiratory bronchiole->Alveoli.
 Trachea.
• Mucosa-consists of ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium, Goblet cells, Serous cells,
Intermediate epitheliocyte,Clara cells, Brush cell.
• Muscularis mucosa-Absent
• Submucosa-Consists of loose irregular
connective tissue,large bld&nerve vessel,serous
and mucuous gland,sympathetic nv
ending(bronchodilation),cholinergic post
ganglionic
 Trachea
• External to the submucosa are perichondrium and
fibrous membrane to form Fibro-musculo-
cartilaginous layer which becomes modified into a U
shaped hyaline cartilaginous ring anteriorly.The two
limbs of the U shaped cartilage faces posteriorly and
it is filled transversely disposed smooth muscle
fibres.There are 16-20 rings in the trachea.
• Adventitia-The fibro cartilaginous layer is covered
with connective tissue that binds it to pretrachea
layer of cervical fascia.
SECTION OF TRACHEA
 BRONCHUS
• Mucosa of bronchus is structurally similar to
mucosa of trachea. Bronchial cartilages are
irregular in shape and completely encircles the
lumen
• Lamina propria is rich in elastic fibres and
contain abundance of serous and mucous
gland.
 SECTION OF BRONCHUS
• See any histology text
 BRONCHIOLES
• Clara cells present in respiratory and terminal bronchiole
produce surfactant.
• Its diameter is less than 5mm.
• It does not have cartilage or glands.
• There are few scattered mucous gland
• Epithelium is ciliated columnar or simple cuboidal.
• Bronchial and bronchiolar smooth muscle are under
control of vagus and sympathetic nerve.
• Bronchiolar smooth muscle is more developed than
bronchial smooth muscle.
 ALVEOLAR DUCT
• It is distal to the respiratory bronchiole
• Alveolar duct and Alveoli are lined by
Squamous alveolar cells/Type 1 pneumocytes.
• Smooth muscle disappear in alveolar duct
• Elastic and Reticular fibres provides only
support of the duct and its alveoli.
 CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
• Immotile cilia syndrome
• Respiratory distress syndrome.
• Sinusitis