WASTE AND ITS

MANAGEMENT
What is waste??
Waste is defined as unwanted and unusable materials and is regarded
as a substance which is of no use. Waste that we see in our
surroundings is also known as garbage. Garbage is mainly considered
as a solid waste that includes wastes from our houses (domestic
waste), wastes from schools, offices, etc. (municipal wastes) and
wastes from industries and factories (industrial wastes)
What are the sources??
Sources explained….
Municipal Wastes:
Municipal Waste commonly consists of items we use on an everyday basis
then dump it. These waste come from schools, factories, but primarily
come from our homes.
Example: Cloths, paints, wires, glasses, unwanted food, etc.
The composition of municipal waste differs in each municipality and
keeps changing with time. Municipal waste divides further into:
a. Household waste:
Materials like unused food, vegetable peels, excreta, clothes, unwanted
paper, damaged batteries, etc. come under household wastes. Agricultural
wastes also come under household waste.
b. Commercial waste:
Wastes coming from any kinds of businesses, trading factories, schools, etc.
come under commercial waste.
c. Demolition waste:
As clear from the word ‘demolition’, these wastes come from the
destruction of any structure made of concrete, wood, bricks, etc. Although
sometimes demolition wastes can also be recycled. 
Agricultural Waste
Various wastes produced in the agricultural field are known as agricultural
wastes.
Example: cattle waste, weed, husk, etc.
Hazardous Wastes:
Hazardous waste refers to solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes from industries
that have either of the properties:
• Corrosiveness
• Ignitability
• Reactivity
• Toxicity
Treatment of these wastes is necessary before the industries dump it.
Hazardous wastes are unsafe for human health and the environment at
large.
Hazardous waste further divides into:
Industrial Waste:
Waste produced by industries includes any material that
isn’t useful for the industrial manufacturing process.
Wastes such are chemicals, pigments, ashes, metals, etc.
come under industrial waste.
Biomedical Waste:
Any waste coming from medical facilities such as hospitals,
medical colleges, research centers, etc. come under
biomedical waste.
Category of waste ….
Now, these wastes are further divided into two category based on state i.e. Solid Waste or Liquid
Waste.
Solid Waste:
Any kind of garbage coming households, factories or hospitals come under waste. Except solid
wastes are only solids or semi-solids. These solids/semi-solids can be dry or wet.
Wet Waste:
Any dissolved liquid based waste or sludge coming from wastewater plants, households, etc.
come under wet waste.
Examples such as leftover curries, juices, rotten vegetables will come under wet waste
Dry Waste:
Waste which isn’t dissolved in any form or in liquid form come under dry wastes. Examples such
as plastics, bottles, etc. will come under dry waste.
Liquid Waste:
Liquid waste is commonly found both in households as well as in industries. This waste includes
dirty water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.
You should also know that liquid waste can be classified into point and non-point source waste.
All manufactured liquid waste is classified as point source waste. On the other hand, natural
liquid waste is classified as non-point source waste.
Again waste can be classifies into two types based on decomposition:
Biodegradable waste
These are the wastes that come from our kitchen and it includes food
remains, garden waste, etc. Biodegradable waste is also known as moist
waste. This can be composted to obtain manure. Biodegradable wastes
decompose themselves over a period of time depending on the material.
Non-biodegradable waste
These are the wastes which include old newspapers, broken glass pieces,
plastics, etc. Non-biodegradable waste is known as dry waste. Dry wastes can
be recycled and can be reused. Non-biodegradable wastes do not decompose
by themselves and hence are major pollutants.
WASTE MANAGEMENT..
What is waste management?
What happen to the garbage once
collected from your home?

Waste management (or waste disposal) include the

activities and actions required to manage waste from
its inception to its final disposal. This includes the
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste,
together with monitoring and regulation of the waste
management process.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial,
biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health.
Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw
materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human 
health, the environment or aesthetics.
 Principles of waste management….

Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classifies
waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of 
waste minimisation.
Life-cycle of a product
The life-cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture, distribution, and
primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse and
recycle. Each stage in the life-cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to
rethink the need for the product, to redesign to minimize waste potential, to extend its
use. Product life-cycle analysis is a way to optimize the use of the world's limited
resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste.
Resource efficiency
Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and
development can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns.
Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can
replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the
production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to last
use and disposal.
Polluter-pays principle
The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on
the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the
requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the
unrecoverable material.
How separation process works..
 How waste management works?
Waste management is the process in which the wastes are being collected,
processed, and recycled to convert them into useful products or to disposed
them in environment friendly manner.
Waste management has several steps which are ranked according to their
preference.
1. Prevention
This is the most preferred step in solid waste management hierarchy. It includes using
less materials in design and manufacture, manufacturing long lasting products and
using less hazardous materials for manufacturing of materials. This step ensures lesser
waste generation. This step also focuses on cleaner and environment friendly
production.
2. Preparing for Reuse
This step includes checking, cleaning, repairing, refurbishing whole items or spare
parts. This is the most important step for minimizing waste generation. Here the waste
is not allowed to enter into the disposal system. The wastes are collected in the
middle of the production and then fed back along with the source to aid in production
processes. This reduces the amount of waste generated.
3. Recycling and Composting
Recyclable wastes that cannot be reused is recycled by turning waste into new
substance or product. This step also includes composting of organic wastes into
products that improve fertility of soil.

4. Recovery
This step includes anaerobic digestion, incineration with energy recovery, gasification
and pyrolysis which produces energy (fuel, power and heat) and other useful
materials. This step ensures conversion of waste into useful energy sources.

5. Disposal
This is the least preferred step in solid waste management hierarchy. This step
includes landfilling and incineration without energy recovery.
 3R PRINCIPLE- REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE
Recycling
Recycling of waste product is very important as this process helps in processing waste or used
products into useful or new products. Recycling helps in controlling air, water, and land pollution. It
also uses less energy. There are a number of items that can be recycled like paper, plastic, glass, etc.
Recycling helps in conserving natural resources and also helps in conserving energy. Recycling helps
in protecting the environment as it helps in reducing air, water, and soil pollution. The most common
consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel
 from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET
 bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and 
corrugated fibreboard boxes.
Reduce
Reducing means choosing to use things with care to reduce the amount of waste generated.
Re-use:
Biological reprocessing
Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps,
and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to 
decompose the organic matter.
Composting
This is the method in which waste can be decomposed and converted into organic
matter by burying them in the compost pits. The wastes are composed by the action
of bacteria and fungi.
Vermicomposting
This method involves decomposition of organic matter into fertile manure with the
help of red worms. This manure is known as vermicompost.
Energy recovery
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat,
electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation,
anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy. Using
energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat, generates a
renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy
from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered
fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis
process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical
decomposition of organic materials by heat in the absence of stoichiometric quantities of oxygen;
the decomposition produces various hydrocarbon gases.
Disposal methods: (Least preferred)
1.Landfill
A landfill is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Landfill is the oldest form
of waste treatment, although the burial of the waste is modern; historically, refuse was
simply left in piles or thrown into pits. Historically, landfills have been the most common
method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
2.Incineration
Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is
useful for disposal of both municipal solid waste and solid residue from waste water
treatment. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 80 to 95 percent.
Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.
HOW RECYCLING OF A PAPER/CARDBOARD IS
DONE?
 Testing time….

3.What
1.How do I practice wa 2.What are the common methods o
ste management at ho is waste management? f waste disposal
me ?
? 6.The most serious
5.What is incineration?
4.What environmental effect posed
are the different types by hazardous wastes is 
of waste? _______.   
HOTs 1.Why plastics are difficult to recycle?
a) Because it is very hard material
b) Because it is very adhesive in its nature
c) Because of different types of polymer resins
d) Because of different sizes of plastic
2. Why the recycled paper is banned for use in food containers?
a) Because it creates contamination
b) Because it creates a lot of spaces
c) Because paper can be used only one time
d) Because paper is very thick and can’t cover the food containers
3.How many main components are there in integrated waste
management?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
thankyou