CHAPTER 4 - HERBICIDE

compounds with
simple chains are
Pros: herbicide can get in
easily degraded by pore space, increase weed
microorganism e.g control.
glyphosate,
glufosinate
Cons: drift, poor weed
Cuticle thickness control
Compound with aromatic Volatilization (liquid to gas)
structures & halogen Herbicidal
retain for longer periods Factors: temp. & soil
e.g triazine, sulfonylurea Persistence Humidity, wind, Cuticle layer, mosture

Factors affecting soil applied

rainfall & water younger vs older
availibility leaves
Movement into soil
To reduce volatilization: soil
Chlorinated incoporation, use special
compounds are formulation

herbicide
persistent in soil Factors Runoff
affecting
foliar
absorption of Adsorbed by soil particles
Orientation of
Presence of or OM
leaves which
affect spray
herbicides Trichomes/leaf
hairs
runoff
chemical/biochemical
reactions
Timing of application
Microbial/decomposition
Pre –plant Physiological
Damage on leaf
of herbicides
Pre-plow Pre-plant condition of
surfaces
incorporated plants

Pre- Layby
Pre-harvest
emergence herbicide
 Mode of distirbution HERBICIDE FORMULATION
ADJUVANT- TO OTHER
CARRIER – WATER,
ENHANCE THE INGRIDIENTS-
ACTIVE INGRIDIENT MINERAL,
HERBICIDE STABILIZERS, DYES
ORGANIC SOLVENT
PERFORMANCE ETC

Contact (non-translocated) Tranlocated (systemic)

herbicide get to activity site penetrates into weed/cell
by physical process of spray reach transport streams then
distribution e.g paraquat bring it to specific site
Effectiveness on weeds at low Habits and growth patterns of
amount, cost weeds, environmental safety
Xylem (apoplastic) mainly Things to consider
absorbed from soil :
interception, mass flow,
Phloem (symplastic) when making a
diffusion
formula
Danger of runoff, application
Plants, animals, or non-targets, equipment availability and best
applicator safety suited for the job
Basipetal from leaves to
Transpiration stream Acropetal (roots to shoots) Assimilation stream
shoots

MODE OF ACTION Aromati

Non-selective
c
Selective
herbicide Depenent upon:
• Application rate, if high
(broad
spectrum)
herbicide
Chemical structure Aliphatic compound
compou
can kill all plant Kill-all herbicide nd
• Herbicide placement in
soil
Carboxy
Gas Alcohol
lic acid
series series
Kill all plant series
Kills certain weed growth stages Inorganic compound Organic compound e.g e.g
species at certain e.g
methan hydroxyl
growth stage. carboxyl
e group
group
Suitable for land
clearing
May not affect Easily
non-target plant Water leach Hydroge
Suitable for heavily Salts Oxygen Carbon sulfur
soluble from n
grown vegetation
soil