Al-Mansour University College

Civil Engineering Department

Engineering Statistics
Lectures
By
Esraa Thamir Al-Azawee
 Chapter One

Introduction
 Statistics:
Is the Science of collecting Orgenizizing,summarizing,analyzing and
making inferences from data. 
 Types of Statistics:
A. Descriptive Statistics.
B. Inferential Statistics.
 Descriptive Statistics
Includes:
 Collecting.
 Organizing.
 Summarizing.
 Presenting Data.

Inferential Statistics.
Includes:
 Making Inferences.
 Hypothesis Testing.
 Determining Relationships.
 Making Predictions.
 Variables whose values are determined by chance are called
Random Variables

 Discrete Variables: are variables that assume values that can be

Counted

 Continuous Variables: are variables that can assume all values

between given minimum and maximum values.

 Independent Variable: Controlled by the researcher (X-axis)

 Dependent Variable: The Variable being measured (Y-axis)

Basic Terms:
 Measurement: Assignment of a number to something.
 Data: Collecting of Measurement.
 Population: All Possible data.

Types of Data:
 Qualitative Data: Deals with description, data can be
observed but not measured(colrs , appearance,…etc )
 Quantitative Data: Deals with numbers, data can be
measured(length ,height , area ,volume ,weight ,speed ,
time ,Temp ,cost ,…etc).
 Chapter Two
Frequency Distribution

 A Frequency Distribution: is one of the most

common graphical tools used to describe a single
population. It is a tabulation of the frequencies of each
value.
 Frequency: Is the number of times a particular value
occurs in a set of data. Usually we would record the
frequency of data in a frequency table.
  
Creating

Frequency Table:
1. Determine the range (R).
Range(R)=highest value- lowest value
2. Determine the number of class intervals (k) by the formula:

Where:
K is the number of classes.
n is the number of variables.
3.Determine the class width (W):

4.Class midpoint (xi)

(xi)=( Lower limit+ Upper limit)/2
5. Class boundaries
 Lower boundary=lower limit-
 Upper boundary=upper limit+
Graphical Presentation of Data:

 Frequency Histogram.

 Frequency Polygon.

 Cumulative Frequency Distributions.

 Frequency Histogram: A graph showing a bar above each score 

or interval so that the height of the bar corresponds to
the frequency.

 Polygene Histogram: is a graph that displays the data by using lines that
connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The
frequencies are represented by the heights of the points. (class midpoint)
Frequency

Class Mid point

 Cumulative Frequency Curve: The sum of all previous frequencies up to the current
point. Cumulative frequency is obtained by adding the frequency of a class interval and
the frequencies of the preceding intervals up to that class interval.
There are Two Types of Cumulative Frequency Distributions:
 Ascending Cumulative Frequency Curve:(Less than)
 Descending Cumulative Frequency Curve :(More than)

Descending
Curve Ascending Curve