Adapting The Impact of Climate Change On Gravel Roads Network in Tanzania by Otta Seal Technology

ADAPTING THE IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE ON
GRAVEL ROADS NETWORK
IN TANZANIA BY OTTA SEAL
TECHNOLOGY
The paper was presented at the 11th International Conference on “The Role of the Engineers in Addressing Climate Change,
Challenges and Opportunities”, 6th - 8th December, 2018 at Arusha, Tanzania .
By
Eng. Dr. Matiko S. Mturi and Eng. Dr. Frank E. Ngoiya
NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL
1
OUTLINE
 Introduction;
 Impact of Climate Change on roads infrastructure;
 Adaptation of gravel roads to Climate Change;
 Tanzania’s Low Volume Roads Manual;
 Experience of Otta Seal Roads in Tanzania;
 Construction and Performance of Kyatema –
Kanyinya Otta seal road;
 Conclusion; and
 Recommendations. 2
1.0 Introduction
 Tanzania has a classified roads network of 88,258
km.
 Trunk roads, 12,222.24 km. out of which 7,806.73 or 64
% are paved;
 Regional roads, 24,035.74 of which 1,457.84 or 6% are
paved;
 District, Urban and Feeder roads, 52,000 km out of which
2,502.59 or 4.8% are paved.
 The unpaved roads network, accounting for 90%
of the classified network, is not accessible
throughout the year due to climate change impact
and deferred road maintenance interventions. 3
1.0 Introduction …
 Between 2003 and 2006, TANROADS carried out a
pilot study involving construction of 16 trial sections
in 16 regions using Otta seal Technology;
 The aim was to look for means of constructing
durable and cost-effective all-weather roads in the
country;
 This paper presents the following:
 Results of evaluation of eight (8) trial sections;
 Detailed examination of the only remaining trial road
section found in Kagera region;
 Conclussion and Recommendations.
4
2.0 Impact of Climate
Change on Roads
 Cost of Emergency Repairs and to Livelihood
 Straining Government’s Budget;
 Disruption of livelihood of rural population.
 Susceptibility of Gravel Roads

 Factors Affecting Gravel Erodibility;
 Gravel loss from Gravel Roads;
 Counteracting limitations of gravel roads.
5
Susceptibility of Gravel Roads to
Climate Change
6
3.0 Adaptation of Gravel
Roads to Climate Change
 Functions of Bituminous Seal
 Providing durable and impervious surface;
 Providing skid – resistant surface.
 Otta Seal Road Surfacing

 Result of empirical approach for selection and
application of binder and graded gravel aggregates;
 Less stringent standards than traditional surfacing; and
 Used for Low Volume Roads, which can accommodate
up to 400 vpd for a design life of 15 years while being

the cheapest option for sealing LVSR. 7
4.0Tanzania’s Low Volumes
Roads Manual
 Characteristics of Low Volume Roads (LVR)
 LVR comprise more than 75% of roads network in Tanzania;
 Defined as roads required to carry about 300 vpd;
 Constructed with naturally - occurring non-standard materials;
 Pavement Design for LVR

 Distribute traffic loads without causing excessive strains within
the materials themselves or the in situ subgrade;
 Design approach is to prevent as much as possible moisture
ingress into the pavement materials; and

 Make maximum use of the local in situ materials on existing
roads and any compaction from previous traffic. 8

4.0 Tanzania’s Low Volumes
Roads Manual…
 Design of Otta Seal Surfacing
 Empirical approach which relies on guideline and
trial design on site;
 Prone to design changes during construction;
 Specifications for Aggregates for surfacing,
maximum size 19 mm and maximum fines
<0.075mm =10% and 10% FACT ≥110 kN;
 Specification for Binder is Medium Curing (MC) 3000
and MC 800 cut back bitumen applied at 1.6 – 1.8
litres/m2. 9
5.0Experience of Otta Seal
Roads in Tanzania
S/No Road Name Region Target Age of Otta seal at Subgrade Pavement type Cost per km of
Length resealing (Yrs) material Double Otta
(Km) Seals (USD)
1. Kyetema-Kanazi- Kagera 10 Not resealed Lateritic 59,514
Natural gravel
Kanyinya soil
2 Omugakorongo- Kagera 10 14 Lateritic Natural gravel 71,605
Nyakahanga soil
3 Chato Junction-Chato Geita 4 11 Lateritic 64,752
Natural gravel
Ginnery soil
4. Nansio-Bulamba Mwanza 5 10 Lateritic Natural gravel 127,538
soil
5. Mpeta-Lupaso Mtwara 8 9 Lateritic Natural gravel 57,354
soil
6. Mikumi-Ifakara Morogoro 11 13 Lateritic Natural gravel 139,746
soil
7. Bigwa-Kisaki Morogoro 6.2 11 Lateritic Natural gravel 80,596
soil
8. Wajenzi-Mnadani Dodoma 3 12 Sandy silt cement stabilised 140,122
gravel
TOTAL/AVERAGE 57.2 11.4 89,580
10
6.0 A Case Study of Kyetema -
Kanyinya Otta Seal Road in Kagera
11
Kanyinya Otta Seal Road…
 Project Description
 11 Km. long road constructed in 2005 in Kagera region on area
with wet climate, rainfall of between 1250 and 1,750mm/ year
as an opportunity to protect a newly constructed gravel road
by Otta seal;
 Road Bed Preparation
 Drainage improvement by repairing and cleaning culverts and
drains;
 Spot gravelling with G45 naturally occurring gravel followed by
assessment of compaction and strength at 500 m interval;
 Surface cleaning by air compressor and hand broom, water
sprinkling and line marking to guide bitumen operator. 12
 Preparation of Otta Sealing Materials
 Aggregates for Otta seal were excavated manually from
the same borrow pits consisting of gravel class G45. and
tested for plasticity, grading and 10% fines test.
Manually screened using 19mm and 5mm screens.
Aggregate spray rate was 0.015 -0.017 m3/m2 by a chip
spreader;
 Bitumen was prepared by cutting back 150/200 Pen

Grade bitumen using 8% kerosene and anti-stripping
agent 0.5-0.8% by weight. Bitumen application rate was
1.8 litres/m2 . 13
Kanyinya Otta Seal
Road…
 Application of Otta Seal
 Uniformity of road surface by minimizing number
of transverse joints and putting in place logistics

prior to operation;
 Adequate compaction: at least 20 passes of
pneumatic roller for the initial four days followed

by a single pass of 12 ton static tandem steel
drum roller;
 For a steep gradient of 1.5 km long, double
surface dressing was applied.

14
 Monitoring and caring of Otta Seal after
Application
 Restriction of traffic speed to 20km/hr. for the
first five days followed by 40km/hr. thereafter;
 Brooming back displaced aggregates three (3)

times a day for the first 10 days and once daily
for the next four (4) weeks;
15
Challenges Encountered during Construction
and Maintenance
 Selection of suitable gravel Materials as well as
tedious screening process to produce Otta sealing

aggregates;
 Pavement distress due to occasional heavy truck
traffic;
 Severe damage to the road by heavy diverted traffic
due heavy rainfall of 2017 which washed away

culverts along Bukoba-Muleba trunk road.
16
 Current Condition of the road
17
 Current Condition of the road
18
7.0 Conclusion
 One method of adapting the effects of climate change on
road transport is to use Otta Seal technology to gradually
protect unsealed roads from vagaries of climate change;
 Pilot road projects constructed with Otta Seal technology
have demonstrated that they are more cost-effectively
provided than other surface dressing options in
countering the effects of climate change on roads;
 The Kyetema-Kanyinya road which was constructed with
Otta seal technology 11 years ago, is still performing
excellently despite being located in a wet climate zone.
19
8.0 Recommendations
 Road Agencies in the country are encouraged to use
the experience gained from pilot Otta Sea projects
to introduce large-scale Otta Seal application on
road networks under their responsibility in order to
minimise the loses caused by climate change while
improving accessibility, livelihood and prosperity of
rural population in the country;
 Engineers are advised to use the Low Volume Roads
Manual, 2016 coupled with sound pavement design
and proper selection of construction materials to
construct Otta seal roads. 20
Acknowledgements
 Eng. Joseph Nyamhanga, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of
Works,Transport and Communication;
 Eng. Patrick Mfugale, CEO, TANROADS;
 Eng. Musa O. Mataka, Head of Central Materials Laboratory
 Eng. Ebenezer Mollel, Acting Director of Planning, TANROADS;
 Eng. Andrea Kassama, TANROADS Kagera Regional Manager
and his team of Engineers, Eng. Jackson Lwelengera and Eng.
Nassir Chakindo;
 TANROADS Regional Managers for Mwanza, Geita, Mtwara,
Dodoma, and Morogoro regions
21
THANK YOU
ASANTENI 22

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ADAPTING THE IMPACT OF

NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL

 Susceptibility of Gravel Roads

 Otta Seal Road Surfacing

 Used for Low Volume Roads, which can accommodate

up to 400 vpd for a design life of 15 years while being

 Constructed with naturally - occurring non-standard materials;

 Pavement Design for LVR

ingress into the pavement materials; and

roads and any compaction from previous traffic. 8

 Bitumen was prepared by cutting back 150/200 Pen

of transverse joints and putting in place logistics

pneumatic roller for the initial four days followed

surface dressing was applied.

first five days followed by 40km/hr. thereafter;

 Brooming back displaced aggregates three (3)

tedious screening process to produce Otta sealing

due heavy rainfall of 2017 which washed away

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