DROUGHT ASSESSMENT

CASE STUDY

SUMMERY:

•Introduction and Definitions of DROUGHT

•Characteristics of DROUGHT

•Methodology

•Country’s Geographical profile

•Tools
 DROUGHT

• Drought is a condition when these are no rains for a

long period of time.
• It is the opposite condition of flood.
•Deforestation is one of the main cause of drought.
•Agriculture is affected badly for drought.
•As the sources of water are all dried up , drinking water becomes
reduce.
• Drought affect the economy of the village.
• The longer periods of drought bring famine.
There is still helpless against such natural calamity.
HOW A DROUGHT STARTS ?

• A drought starts when total rainfall is well below average

for several months.

• Very dry soil.

• Trees have a sign of dying.

• Weather getting hotter.

CAUSES OF DROUGHT
•High temperature.

• Rate of evaporation is more.

• Due to deforestation.

TYPES OF DROUGHT
• Agricultural drought.

• Hydrological drought.

• Metrological drought.

• Socio-economic drought.
AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT:
• Agricultural drought occurs when there is not enough
water for a crop to grow at the particular time.

• This type of drought does not depend only in the

amount of rainfalls where water is used carelessly for
irrigation and other purpose.
HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
• Hydrological drought is associates with the affect of low
rainfalls
on water level in reservoirs , rivers and lakes.
• This type of drought are noticed sometimes after a
meteorology
drought.
• A hydrological drought changes in level affects eco-
system.
 METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT
• meteorological drought is generally defined by comparing
the rainfall in a particular place and at a particular time.
• This happens when the actual rainfall in an area is
significantly less than the climatological mean of that area.
• It leads to soil moisture and this always has an effect on
crops production.
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DROUGHT
•The Socio - economic drought is associates the
supply
and demands of some economic goods or services
with
element Hydrological , Meteorological , Agricultural.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
DROUGHTS

 Index-Assimilates thousands of data on rainfall and

other water supply indicators into a comprehensive
picture.
 A single number far more useful than raw data for
decision making.
 Combination of parameters (rainfall, temperature, wind,
etc.,) such as PDI and FAO water satisfaction index.
 Results imply that user adapt to the amount of Water
availability and the variability in it‘s supply.
 VARIATION IN
CHARACTERISTICS

 Combination of geographical and structural

factors vary between countries.
 Vary with three characteristics:
 Intensity

 Duration

 Spatial coverage

 Climatic condition plays a major role.

 Example: Central Asian countries are exposed
to very high temperature and dry summers.
 DROUGHT VARIATION

Spatial coverage Intensity Duration

Piedmont zone Very strong drought SPI <-50 1 – 3 times per 100
years.

Drought with SPI < -20 3 times per 10 years.

Deserts and semi –deserts Very strong spring drought SPI 1 time in year
zone < -50

SPI: Standard Precipitation Index Drought with SPI < -20 3 – 4 times per 10
years
 METHODOLOGY

Data :

 Ten days, monthly and seasonal rainfall.

 Totally 55 years, for 14 locations in Malawi have been used.

 Seasonal totals are from November of one month to April of following

month.

 Data for 1948/49 covers November 1948 to April 1949 and likewise

2002/2003 covers November 2002 to April 2003.

 METHODOLOGY

Methods:

 Percentile Drought Index have been used for spatial analysis of rainfall data.
 It‘s SPI have been used for temporal analysis.
 Percentile Index :

P=((n-0.5)/m) x 100 ( P - Percentile value; n - rank; m - number of years).

 SPI :
 The index Measured using Standard Deviation.
 Positive for Non-Drought conditions and Negative for Drought conditions with zero
as mean.
 Country’s Geographical Profile
NAME:MALAWI

•Largest Lake
Africa’s third largest
lake
•Economy
dependent on the
agriculture sector
•Rainy season that
spam from
November to April
•Rain fall around
500mm in low lying
areas ,2000mm over
highlands and
lakeshore areas
 Tools

• Using Microsoft Excel Software ,graphs depicting

Actual versus normal ten –day rainfall for chosen drought years for
selected stations were produced
• For mapping ,Surfer for Windows Software , was used.
• Microsoft Word was used for writing the report
 Spatial Rainfall Analysis

•During the 55 b years there have been two occurrences of severe

droughts;1948/49 and 1991/92 rainfall seasons
•1948/49 Drought covered more areas and hence affected a bigger part
of the populations
•1991/92 drought affected water supplies as well
•1948/49 was not affected by EL Nino , other drought were affected by
EL nino
 Agriculture

Nuts
maize
 Health

•It was also reported that a few people both young and old died
due to hunger related diseases and cholera
•As a response to health problem some NGOs such as Save the
children Fund assisted the affected people particularly the children
with nutritional
Food such as locally made Likuni phala and salt
•UNICEF also provided similar assistance
 Education

• They had no food to carry to school and were busy looking for food
• It was unclear whether teachers were also affected by the droughts
•In response to the effects f drought on the education sector , some
NGO s have establish school feeding programmes in some primary
schools.
 Water

•In the water sector ,droughts led to the shortage of water

•Low levels of water in the rivers and wells were observed
and in some cases rivers and wells dried up
•This resulted in reduction f water for both human and
animals consumption
SOLUTION OF DROUGHT:
video :https://youtu.be/oFxdcFMpcxM

THANK YOU !