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"Wet-Chems": Gravimetric/volumetric: Chapter 8: Major Elements
"Wet-Chems": Gravimetric/volumetric: Chapter 8: Major Elements
“Wet-chems”: gravimetric/volumetric
Chapter 8: Major Elements
Modern Spectroscopic Techniques
Figure 8.1. The geometry of typical spectroscopic instruments. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Element Wt % Oxide Atom %
O 60.8
Si 59.3 21.2 Abundance of the elements
Al 15.3 6.4
Fe 7.5 2.2
in the Earth’s crust
Ca 6.9 2.6
Mg 4.5 2.4
Na 2.8 1.9
Oxide B BA A D RD R
SiO 2 50.2 54.3 60.1 64.9 66.2 71.5
TiO 2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3
Al2O3 14.9 15.7 16.1 16.4 15.3 14.1
Fe2O3* 10.4 9.2 6.9 5.1 5.1 2.8
MgO 7.4 3.7 2.8 1.7 0.9 0.5
CaO 10.0 8.2 5.9 3.6 3.5 1.1
Na 2O 2.6 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.4
K2O 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.5 3.1 4.1
LOI 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.4
Total 99.5 99.2 100.6 100.0 99.7 99.2
B = basalt, BA = basaltic andesite, A = andesite, D = dacite,
RD = rhyo-dacite, R = rhyolite. Data from Ragland (1989)
Figure 8.6. Stacked variation diagrams of
hypothetical components X and Y (either
weight or mol %). P = parent, D = daughter,
S = solid extract, A, B, C = possible
extracted solid phases. For explanation, see
text. From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical
Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press.
Harker diagram
Smooth trends
Model with 3 assumptions:
Results:
Remove plagioclase, olivine,
pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide
Figure 8.12. Left: the basalt tetrahedron (after Yoder and Tilley, 1962). J. Pet., 3, 342-532. Right: the base of the
basalt tetrahedron using cation normative minerals, with the compositions of subalkaline rocks (black) and
alkaline rocks (gray) from Figure 8-11, projected from Cpx. After Irvine and Baragar (1971). Can. J. Earth Sci., 8,
Thermal divide separates the silica-saturated
(subalkaline) from the silica-undersaturated
(alkaline) fields at low pressure
1713
Liquid
Thermal
Divide Tr + L
Ne + L Ab + LAb + L
1070 1060
Ne + Ab Ab + Tr
Ne Ab Q
AFM diagram: can further subdivide the subalkaline
magma series into a tholeiitic and a calc-alkaline series
ic
Calc-alkaline
A M
Figure 18.2. Alumina saturation classes based on the molar proportions of Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (“A/CNK”) after
Shand (1927). Common non-quartzo-feldspathic minerals for each type are included. After Clarke (1992). Granitoid
Rocks. Chapman Hall.
Figure 8.10
a. Plot of CaO (green) and (Na2O +
K2O) (red) vs. SiO2 for the Crater
Lake data. Peacock (1931) used the
value of SiO2 at which the two curves
crossed as his “alkali-lime index”
(dashed line).
b. Alumina saturation indices (Shand,
1927) with analyses of the
peraluminous granitic rocks from the
Achala Batholith, Argentina (Lira and
Kirschbaum, 1990). In S. M. Kay and
C. W. Rapela (eds.), Plutonism from
Antarctica to Alaska. Geol. Soc. Amer.
Special Paper, 241. pp. 67-76.
Fig. 8.17. After Le Maitre (1976)
J. Petrol., 17, 589-637.
A world-wide survey suggests that there may be
some important differences between the three series
Figure 8.4. Pearce element diagram of 0.5(Fe + Mg)/K vs. Si/K for two Hawaiian picritic magma suites.
From Nicholls and Russell (1990).
Figure 8.5. Pearce
element diagrams
for basalts (dark
circles) and picrites
(light circles)
erupted from
Kilauea, Hawaii,
between
November, 1967
and August, 1968.
After Nicholls
(1990).
Figure 8.15. Plot
of wt.% Al2O3 vs.
anorthite content
of the normative
plagioclase,
showing the
distinction
between the
tholeiitic and
calc-alkaline
series. From
Irvine and
Baragar (1971).
Figure 8.16.
Wt.% K2O vs. Na2O
diagram subdividing the
alkaline magma series into
High-K-, K-, and Na-sub-
series. After Middlemost
(1975). Copyright © with
permission from Elsevier
Science.