PRINCIPLES OF

TEACHING

Topic:
Different Approaches and Methods
 Introduction
Different approaches differ in the level of
teacher and student participation. We start
describing these approaches from that approach
with the highest to the lowest level of teacher
direction or from the lowest to the highest level of
student participation. On the basis of student
and teacher involvement, these methods are
categorized as direct/expository approach or
guided/exploratory approach.
 Basic Concepts:
Approach - one’s viewpoint toward teaching or
refers to what one believes in, regarding
teaching, upon which teaching behaviors are
based.

Method - a series of related and progressive

acts performed by a teacher and students to
achieve the objective of the lesson.
 Two Types of Teaching Approaches
Directive
Direct Deductive
Expository Method
Approach
Demonstrative

Inductive
Exploratory
Reflective
Indirect/ Constructivism
Guided Exploratory Method
Problem Solving
Approach
Laboratory
Inquiry
Metacognition
 When to use :
Direct Instruction/
Expository
• Content oriented
• Factual Information
• Similar information directly
available – no effort to look
for it
Indirect
(Guided Instruction)/
Exploratory
• Experience oriented
• Developmental /
formulation of concept,
principles, skills, attitudes,
and values
• Information not available –
needs to be discovered yet
 Direct/Expository Instruction
Approach
Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is
aimed at helping students acquire some basic
skills and “procedural knowledge.”

It is straight forward and is done in “a step-by-

step manner.” The emphasis is on how to
execute the steps of the entire procedure.

This may involve a simple or a complex skill

such as solving a problem by using
mathematical equations.
It includes presentation and recitation, as
well as teacher-student interactions.

Attention is focused on every detail of the

procedure.

Content mastery and over-learning of

fundamental facts.

Teachers will need to motivate and

heighten the interest of the students.
 Performance-based subjects such as Science,
Mathematics, Music and Physical Education are
taught by this technique.

Strategies used in Direct Instruction:

1. Lecture and Student Recitation
2. Deduction
3. Expository/didactic method
4. Demonstration method
To employ this methodology, follow these steps:
-Provide the rationale
-Demonstrate the skill
-Provide guided practice
-Check for understanding and provide
feedback
-Provide extended practice and transfer
Characteristics of Direct Instruction:
Teacher-directed and teacher dominated.
Teaching of skill. The students gain “how” rather
than “what” (procedural knowledge). Each step
must be mastered.
Step by step procedure with no step missed.
Lesson objectives easily observed behaviors that
can be measured accurately. The level of
performance can be assessed from the number
of steps performed correctly.
Form of learning through imitation ( behavioral
modeling).
Examples:
Sample Lessons with Step-By-Step Tasks
Executing steps of a folkdance
Steps in preparing a meal
Writing a letter
Solving Math problems
 Deductive Method
Teacher-dominated approach
It begins with the abstract rule, generalization,
principle and ends with specific examples and
concrete details
Cover a wider scope of subject matter
Learning is a passive process, the learners do not
take part in the formation of the conclusion or
generalizations
Drills or exercises come after the explanation of the
rule or principle
Example: Geography
The teacher begins her lesson with a
generalization that geographical location
influences peoples’ way of life.
She will present a map of the Philippines. Then
study the map with them.
Those who live in wide plains like Central Plain
of Luzon, Cagayan Valley have rice as main
product and farming as main occupation.
Those who live near the sea are fishermen.
Their main product is fish.
Example: Science
Teacher defines: All animals with a backbone are
classified as vertebrates.

Teacher gives examples: A dog is a vertebrate

because it possesses a backbone. Fish, frogs
and cows are vertebrates, they possess a
backbone.
Example: Math
Teacher explains the rules first: To add similar
fractions just add the numerators then copy the
denominator.
The teacher will then give examples.
After the teacher will give written exercises to
the pupils.
 Advantages of Deductive Method:
Wider scope of subject matter because the
instruction is direct by stating at once the rules or
the principles at the beginning of the class.

Teacher does not have to worry about what

questions to ask in order for learners to reach a
generalization or conclusion.
Disadvantages of Deductive Method
Passive learning with less involvement on the part
of the learners.
The learners do not take part in the formation of a
conclusion or generalizations.
Learners’ involvement will be drills or exercises
that come after the explanation of the rule or
principle.
Lesson appears uninteresting at first. Teacher
begins the lesson with the abstract based on what
the learners do not know.
 Inductive Method
It begins with specific details, concrete data and
examples and ends with an abstract thought.
Learners are more engaged in the teaching-learning
process
Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because
teachers begin with the experiences of the students. They
begin with what they know.
It helps the development of our learners’ higher order
thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze them in order
to arrive at generalizations which requires analytical
thinking.
 Inductive Method
It requires more time and so less subject matter
will be covered
A lot of time is needed to lead students to
formulate generalizations
Teachers must ask the right questions, organize
answers and comments to pave the way to the
development of generalizations or principles
Example: Geography
The teacher will show the class a map of the
Philippines and then ask the class to study it with
special attention to geographical features and
economic products.
To guide them in their analysis, she will ask the
students questions like ‘what is the occupation of
people who live by the sea?’ ‘What is their main
means of livelihood?’ ‘What generalization can
you draw about the relationship between
geographical features of a place and the peoples’
means of livelihood?’
Example: Science
To discuss body parts of an animal and to
discover if it has a backbone.
Teacher will say the dog has a backbone and is
a vertebrate. A fish, frog and cow also have
backbones.
Then the students will conclude that the dog,
fish, cow and frog are vertebrates.
 Advantages of Inductive Methods
The learners are more engaged in the teaching-
learning process. The learners formulate
generalizations and rules.
Learning becomes more interesting from the
outset because teachers begin with the
experiences of the students. Teachers begin
with what the students know.
It helps the development of the learners’ higher
order thinking skills. To see patterns and to
analyze and thus arrive at general statements
requires analytical thinking.
 Disadvantages of Inductive Method
It requires more time and so less subject matter
will be covered. Teachers need more time to
lead students to the formulation of general
concepts.
It demands expert facilitating skills on the part of
the teacher. Teachers must ask the right
questions and organize answers and comments
to pave the way towards the formation of
generalizations and principles.
 Deductive Method Inductive Method
1. It gives new knowledge directly. 1. It gives new knowledge
indirectly.

2. It is a method of verification. 2. It is a method of discovery.

3. It is the method of instruction. 3. It is a method of teaching.
4. Students get ready made
information and makes use of it.
5. It is a quick process.
6. It encourages dependence on
other sources.
7. There is less scope of activity
in it.
8. It is a downward process of
4.Students acquire first hand
knowledge and information by
actual observation.
5. It is a slow process.
6. It trains the mind and gives
self confidence and initiative.
7. It is full of activity.
8. It is an upward process of
Let’s Review our Understanding:

Between the deductive and the induction method,

- which method is more teacher-directed?

- which one engages more the learners in
conceptual understanding?
- which demands more teacher’s skillful
questioning?
Let’s Review our Understanding:

Between the deductive and the induction method,

- which tends to depth retention of learning?

- which learning method is more predictable?
- which works better for learning large numbers
of facts and concrete concepts faster?
 Demonstration Method
Demonstration is a learning activity which is
performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4
members or a teacher while the rest become
observers.
Teacher-dominated
Teachers show how to operate and handle
equipment while the class observes
 Demonstration Method
Teacher should be knowledgeable in preparing the
apparatus needed according to the steps to be
followed.
The rest of the class becomes focused on the
activity and concentration on the subject is
assured.
 Advantages of Demonstration Method
It follows a systematic procedure and students
will be able to learn from a well-tried procedure
since the demonstrators are selected and
assumed to be skilled.
The use of expensive equipment and
machines will be maximized.
Possible wastage of time, effort and resources
will be avoided since the demonstration is
supposed to be well-planned in advance.
 Advantages of Demonstration Method
It will not result in trial-and-error learning as
happens with unplanned learning activities.
Findings are reliable and accurate since the
procedures have been tried before.
The confidence of the students is developed
from hands-on demonstrations.
Curiosity and keen observing ability are
instilled among the observers
Examples:
How to focus a microscope
Preserving flowers and other specimens
Performing First-Aid
How to mix ingredients for a menu
Let’s Review:
1. Modeling…
a. is a direct teaching activity.
b. is seldom used by effective teachers.
c. allows students to imitate from demonstration
or infer from observation the behavior to be
learned.
d. both a and c.
2. Direct Instruction is more appropriate when…
a. cooperative learning is not an option.
b. the teacher needs to arouse or heighten
student interest.
c. attempting to achieve content mastery and
over-learning of fundamental facts.
d. All of the above.
3. This method of teaching presents a general
concept by first defining and then providing
examples or illustrations that demonstrate
the idea until concept mastery is achieved.
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Directive
d. Demonstrative
4. Mr. Cruz is very careful in his classroom about
using his class time efficiently and having active
student practice. To do this, Mr. Cruz uses an
instructional sequence of review, presenting
new content, practice, feedback, and re-
teaching. He is attempting to achieve the goals
of…
a. mastery learning
b. indirect instruction
c. lecturing
d. cooperative learning
5. Among the methods/approaches
discussed, which teaching method/s is used
in Guided/Exploratory Approach?
a. Direct Instruction
b. Deductive Method
c. Inductive Method
d. both b & c
Thank you!