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In The Name of Allah The Most Gracious The Most Merciful
In The Name of Allah The Most Gracious The Most Merciful
CE-UG-2018
Spring FEB-JUN 2020
FLUID MECHANICS – II (CE- 251)
COURSE OUTLINE
FLUID MECHANICS – I (CE- 252)
COURSE OUTLINE
Theory 2
Practical 1
FLUID MECHANICS – II (CE- 252)
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Distribution Contribution in Grading
Theory (67%)
4 x Assignments 05% 3.3
4 x Quiz (Un
10% 6.6
announced/Announced)
2 x One Hrs Test 35% 23.1
1 x Final Exam 50% 34.0
Practical (33%)
3 x Quiz (Announced) 50% 16.5
DETAILED SYLLABUS
Prerequisites
•Bernouli Equation
Lecture Plan •Energy Equation
•Fluid Properties
•Dimensional Analysis
REFERENCES
Streeter, Wylie, Bedford “Fluid Mechanics” Ninth Edition
Dr Andrew Sleigh “An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”
May 2001 (School of Civil Engineering, University of
Leeds)
R E. Featherstone “Civil Engineering Hydraulics” Third
Edition
Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits
Laminar flow
Viscous shears dominate in this type of flow and the
fluid appears to be moving in discreet layers. The
shear stress is governed by Newton’s law of viscosity
du
dy
In general the shear stress is almost impossible to
measure. But for laminar flow it is possible to
calculate the theoretical value for a given velocity,
fluid and the appropriate geometrical shape.
13
Turbulent flow
This is the most commonly occurring flow in engineering
practice in which fluid particles move erratically causing
instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.
These fluctuations cause additional shear stresses. In this
type of flow both viscous and turbulent shear stresses exists.
Thus, the shear stress in turbulent flow is a combination of
laminar and turbulent shear stresses, and can be written as:
dU
la min ar turbulent
dy
14
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW
For laminar flow the drop in energy due
to friction varies as ‘V’, while for
turbulent flow friction varies as Vn,
n≈1.75 to 2
-> 1.75 (turbulent flow occurs for pipes
with smooth walls)
-> 2 (as the wall roughness increases, the
value of n increases up to its maximum
value of 2)
Higher Critical Point
Lower Critical Point
Velocity is not the only factor that
determines whether the flow is laminar
or turbulent. The criterion is Reynold’s
number
R
CRITICAL REYNOLD’s NUMBER
Rcrit = 2000
If R < 2000 -> Laminar Flow
If R > 2000 -> Turbulent Flow
Though the experimenters have maintained
laminar flow in circular pipes upto values of
R as high as 50,000, but the type of flow in
such cases is inherently unstable and the
least disturbance will transform it instantly
into turbulent flow
It is practically impossible for turbulent
flow in a straight pipe to persist at values of
‘R’ much below 2000
The low value is thus much more definite
than the higher one and is real dividing
point between the two types of flow
Lower Value -> true critical Reynold’s
Number
Practice
Sample Problem 8.1: In refinery oil (s= 0.85, v = 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s) flows
through a 100 mm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s. Is the flow laminar or
turbulent?
Ex. 8.2.1: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft 2/sec is flowing through a
3-in diameter pipe. Below which velocity will the flow be laminar?
Ex. 8.2.3: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 ft 2/sec is flowing through a
4-in diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
Hydraulic radius, Hydraulic
diameter
For conduits having non circular cross sections, we need
to use some value other than the diameter for the linear
dimension in the Reynolds number.
The characteristic dimension we use is the hydraulic
radius Rh=A/P
0ሺ
𝑃1 𝐴 − 𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝛾𝐿𝐴 sin ∝ − 𝜏ҧ 𝑃𝐿ሻ = 0
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝐿
− − 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 = 𝜏ҧ
0
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾𝐴
ℎ 𝑃 𝑃
𝑓=ቀ𝑍1 + 1 ቁ− ቀ𝑍2 + 2 ቁ
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃𝐿
Where ℎ𝑓 = 𝜏ҧ
0 𝛾𝐴
FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF CONSTANT
CROSS SECTION
After deriving the equation for
Dimensionless term
Where
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑓 𝑉2 𝑓 𝑉2
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝜌 = 𝛾
4 2 4 2𝑔
FRICTION in Non circular conduit
Equivalent diameter
D = 4Rh
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
4𝑅ℎ 2𝑔
ሺ4𝑅ℎ ሻ𝑉𝜌 ሺ4𝑅ℎ ሻ𝑉
Pipe Flow: 𝑅 = =
𝜇 𝜗