Sentence

IN TERMS OF……..

a. ELEMENTS & THEIR

FUNCTIONS
b. FORMS/MOODS
c. STRUCTURES
d. TYPES
Sentence
A group of words that has a complete and independent
thought and has a subject and a predicate. Also, it is always
composed of at least one independent clause.
 SENTENCE= NP+VP
SUBJECT/noun phrase PREDICATE/verb phrase

Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

1 He is eating mangoes in the

afternoon.
2 you are brilliant.
3 we elected him chairman last week.
4 (You) consult a doctor.
5. His parents gave him a nice
present
SENTENCE ELEMENTS (Functional
Aspect)
► Functional aspect refers to the roles/functions a word/phrase performs in a
clause/sentence. A word/phrase may perform a function/role in one
clause/sentence and a different function/role in another clause/sentence.
ex: Swimming is a good exercise. (sub)
I like swimming. (Obj)

► Even a word may have several functions in one single clause/sentence.

ex: I consider Froi my best friend. (IO, DO)
I consider Froi my best friend. (DO, OC)
1. SUBJECT
Doer of the action or the one being talked about in a
sentence
All subjects are either nouns, pronouns, gerunds, infinitives, or clauses and
are placed before or after the verb.
Jane went home late. (doer of the action)
Myla is the smartest student in our class. (one being talked
about)

Classification of Subject:

Single Compound Dummy Hidden

► Single Subject
Composed of one subject.
ex: Jane went home late
► Compound Subject
composed of two or more subjects that have the same verb. The subjects
are joined by the coordinating conjunction “and” or “or”.
ex: Martha and her young daughter left the house early.
► Dummy Subject
the subject with no concrete reference.
ex. It is raining hard outside. It is dark inside the room
► Hidden Subject
the subject before the verb in imperative sentence.
ex. Keep up the good work! (You) Please, pass the salt. (You)
 Categories used as Sub: GINPP
1. A Noun Phrase 🢥 The Car is White.
2. A Pronoun🢥 He is Tall.
3. A Gerund 🢥 Smoking is bad .
4. An Infinitive 🢥 To study Grammar is Fun.
5. A Noun Clause 🢥 What he said is right.

6. Proform 🢥 The poor are the sufferers in our society.

[Pro-form is a word or phrase that can take the place of another word (or word group) in a sentence.
The process of substituting pro-forms for other words is called proformation.]
 2.VERB
► Action
► Should be in consistent with subject, tense & voice
Example
1.He (go)___ to the market.
2.My father (ax. V)___ a dog.
3.He is (praise)___ for his eloquence.
3.OBJECT(the part which is influenced by verb)
► sits after verb, determines any person/thing which is influenced by verb.
► If questions like ‘what/who’ or ‘to/for whom’ is asked to the verb and the
answer is got.

Two kinds of object: Direct object & Indirect object

► Rahman is doing the sum. (DO)

► Rahman found him ill. (IO)
 TWO KINDS OF OBJECT
A. Indirect Object
this acts as a noun and does not receive the action but indicates
for whom or to whom something is done. Ask for/to whom or for/to
what after the action verb.

examples: Jane made her sister a cake.

Chariz gave her a box of chocolate.
Krichelle threw Jack the flower bouquet.
The boy taught his dog new tricks.
Nohan bought Sarah a flower.
Mom read Katie a book
►Categories Functioning as I.O:

► A Noun Phrase 🢥 I gave the beggar a coin

► A Pronoun🢥 Give me that.
► A Gerund 🢥 Give studying a bit of chance.
► A Prepositional Phrase 🢥 He gave it to me
► A Noun Clause 🢥 Give whoever comes this box.
B. Direct Object

► A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb].

► Direct objects can be word classes, phrases, or clauses. Just remember this simple formula:
  VERB + what/who? = DIRECT
OBJECT

Ex: Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. kicked who? Maurice = direct object.

► they are sometimes phrases or clauses. 

Ex: Sylina hates biting her fingernails.
Even worse, Sylina hates when Mom lectures her about hand care.
► Direct objects can also follow verbals—infinitives, gerunds, and participles. 

Ex: To see magnified blood cells, Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table.
Gus bought contact lenses because he wanted to see the beautiful Miranda, his lab partner, more clearly.
Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd through the door is Roseanne's least favorite part of
going to the vet.

Categories Functioning as D.O:

1. A Noun Phrase 🢥 He has lit a cigarette.
2. A Pronoun🢥 Don’t hit me.***
3. A Gerund 🢥 He loves reading .
4. An Infinitive 🢥 I want to go away.
5. A Noun Clause 🢥 Describe what you saw
 Is it a direct object or an indirect object? Here are some tips to help you:

► 1) A direct object receives the action of the verb. In other words, it is directly affected by it.
2) An indirect object is the receiver of the direct object, and it usually comes just before it.
► 3) An indirect object is located just before the direct object The verb is "gave.”
Ex: He gave his mother flowers.

What is directly affected by this action? 

The flowers. They are given! So "flowers" is the direct object.

Who receives the flowers? His mother. So "his mother" is the indirect object.

You can see that the indirect object ("his mother") is located just before the direct object ("flowers"). 
How can you tell if a word is an indirect object or the object of the
preposition?

►If it comes just after a preposition – then it's the object of the
preposition.

►If it does not come just after a preposition – then it's an indirect
object. 

►Also, the indirect object is usually followed by the direct object.

The object of the preposition does not.
Exercise
Mrs. Pots cleaned the living room.
The young boy called his mother at the office.
My youngest sister admires Daniel Radcliffe.

Find the direct object in each sentence.

1. The janitor was given a better position because of his character.
2. The orchestra played five classical pieces.
3. He encountered a formidable foe.
4. The concerned student filled a formal protest.
5. She wrote a letter of apology.
Exercise

Find the direct object/indirect object in each sentence.

1. Mother hid the matches in the drawer.
2. The child found the matches and started a bonfire in the living room.
3. The fireman gave the boy a bucket of water.
4. As the flames leapt higher, the boy threw himself on the ground and
cried.
5. Later, the mother bought him a new toy fire truck and then told him
the story of Prometheus.
4.Complement (Describes sub or obj)

complement is a word or group of words that

is
needed to complete the sense of a sentence.

Two kinds: 1.based on function (sub & obj)

2.based on word class
Functional Word class
Complement
category category
Two kinds of complement:
Based on function
a. receives the action of the
verb.[0bject complement]
b. follows a linking verb and
refer back to the subject.
[Sub comp]
►I thought her beautiful.
►She is beautiful.
Based on word class
►She is a teacher.(noun C)
►It is I.( pronoun C)
►He is handsome.( adj C)
►He is friendly.( adv C)
►The house is to let. (infinitive
C)
►She is in the class.(PP C)
A. Objective Complement (describes object)
it is the complement that appears with an object and describes or
renames it. Ex: I consider Froi my best friend.
The principal appointed Ms. Santos Prefect of Students.

Categories Functioning as O.C:

► A Noun Phrase 🢥 We appointed Newton President.

► A Noun Clause 🢥 We made him what he is.
► A Gerund 🢥 I call that Cheating.

► An Infinitival Phrase 🢥 I don`t want anyone to know

► A Prepositional Phrase 🢥 We left her in tears
► An Adjectival Phrase 🢥 I found the box empty.
► A Participial Phrase 🢥 I heard my name called
Exercise
Find the objective complement in each sentence.

1. Sansa calls her parrot Snow.

2. A simple greeting made my mom happy.
3. They elected Laurente president of the Student Supreme Council.
4. The Chinese considered Confucius a great man.
5. The ambitious employee appointed himself chairman of the board
B. Subjective complement (describes subject)
It is the complement that appears with a linking verb and tells
something about the subject of the sentence.
Ex: He is handsome.( adj C) He is friendly.( adv C)

► Categories that function as S.C:

1. An adjective: It was Dark

2. A participle: That is interesting
3. A prepositional Phrase: It is near London.
4. A noun Phrase: This is a book
5. A gerundial Phrase: That is cheating!
6. A noun Clause: That is what I want
7. An Adverbial Phrase: He is out.
8. An Infinitival Phrase: To see him is to love him.
► .
 Don't mistake a subject complement for a direct object .
► Only linking verbs can have subject complements. If the verb is action, then the word
that answers the question what? or who? after the subject + verb is a direct object.
► When Michelle woke up this morning, she felt sick.
► She = subject; felt = linking verb; sick = subject complement. [Felt is linking because
if you substitute this verb with an equal sign, the sentence still makes sense.]
► Michelle felt her forehead but did not detect a temperature.
► Michelle = subject; felt = action verb. She felt what? Forehead = direct object.
[Felt is action because if you substitute this felt with an equal sign, the sentence
does not make sense.]
► The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally locked his keys in his space ship.
► Alien = subject; locked = action verb. The space alien locked what? His keys =
direct object.
► The space alien was happy to find a spare key taped under the wing.
► Alien = subject; was = linking verb. The space alien was what? Happy= subject
complement.
5. ADVERBIAL
► an adverbial is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or
phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not otherwise affect the remainder of the
sentence. Example: In the sentence John helped Bill in Central Park, the phrase in
Central Park is an adverbial.
► James answered immediately.
► Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning.
 Adverb vs Adverbial
Adverb
► A word modifying a verb, adjective
or another adverb.
► A word class, like parts of speech
► Only adverb, an adverb is a single
word adverbial
► She is quite intelligent.(modifying
adj)
Adverbial
► Any word/phrase/clause
functioning like an adverb.
► An element of a clause, like sub or
obj
► Adverb/prepositional phrase/noun
phrase etc
► He quite forgot my name.
(modifying verb)
Why do we use adverbials?
We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is
done:

*The children were playing happily *He was driving as fast as possible.

We use adverbials of place to say where something happens:

*I saw him there. *We met in London.

We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens:

*They start work at six thirty. *They usually go to work by bus.

We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something.

Perhaps the weather will be fine. *He is certainly coming to the party.
Types of adverbials
► Adverbials are typically divided into four classes:

► Adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that render a sentence
ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.
John put the flowers in the water.

► Adjuncts: These are part of the core meaning of the sentence, but if omitted still leave a
meaningful sentence.
John and Sophia helped me with my homework.

► Conjuncts: These link two sentences together.

John helped; therefore, I was able to do my homework.

► Disjuncts: These make comments on the meaning of the rest of the sentence.
Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.
Adverbial complement
► An adverbial complement is an adverbial that is required to
complete the meaning of a verb, such that if it is removed, it will
yield an ungrammatical sentence or an intrinsically different
meaning of the verb. They stand in contrast to adverbials, which can
be removed from a sentence without altering its structure or
meaning.

► Adverbial complements often accompany verbs of caused motion such

as put or place:
Ex: She put the cheese back.
Now place the vase on the mantlepiece.
► However, they can occur with other types of verbs as well:
Ex: We are staying in a hotel.
► Like adverbials, adverbial complements modify the meaning of the verb by
providing additional information.

► Unlike adverbials, which can be removed without losing meaning, adverbial

complements must be included because removing them would cause the sentence
to be incomplete or fundamentally altered in its meaning.
Ex: “Please keep still.” “I love living in New York.”

Example (with Example (without Does the meaning

adverbial)
“The teacher sent
Tim home.”
“She told me the
story quickly.”
“Please put the book on
the shelf.”
adverbial) change?
Yes—the adverbial is
“The teacher sent Tim.”
a complement.
No—the adverbial is
“She told me the story.”
an adjunct.
Yes—the adverbial is
“Please put the book.”
a complement.
Where do adverbials go on a sentence?

►1. after the verb—He spoke angrily..

--He behaved in a silly way.(PP can be used as
adverbials)

►2.after the obj/comp—She left the money on the table.

►3.before verb(adv of frequency)—I have never seen William at

work.
When one single sentence has three adverbials, then MPT serial
should be followed…
He walks slowly along the road every morning.
But a sentence containing time and place adverbials needs no serial
to be followed….
There was an accident yesterday on Narayongong Road.
There was an accident on Narayongong road yesterday.
 Words/Phrases used as adverbials

a. Adjective phrase They worked hard.

b. Noun phrase He went home .(though ‘home’ is a noun, here it
works as an adverbial.)

Rakib played last week.

c. Prepositional phrase (can be used as adverbials) Please come in.
He jumped into the river.
d. Present participle phrase Walkng quickly, they reached their destination.

e. ’ed’ participle phrase Held up in the jam, he reached office late.

f. Adverb We will be back soon.
Aderb phrase He comes home once in a blue moon.

g.Infinitive phrase(to mean any purpose) We went to Khulna to visit historical places there.
6.modifiers/adjuncts
►  A modifier is used to modify/change the meaning of another element in the structure, on which it is
dependent. A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause which functions as an adjective or an adverb to
describe a word or make its meaning more specific.
Ex: “Sarah was voted Ms junior.” “The smart girl Sarah was voted junior.

► Types: Modifiers can be adjectives, adjective clauses, adverbs, adverb clauses,absolute phrases, 

infinitive phrases, participle phrases, and prepositional phrases. But mainly they are of two kinds, either
adjectives or adverbs.

► A dead sentence: Stephen dropped his fork. (how can we use modifier I this sentence?)
► Now read what several well placed modifiers can do:
► Poor Stephen, who just wanted a quick meal to get through his three-hour biology lab,
quickly dropped his fork on the cafeteria tray, gagging with disgust as a tarantula wiggled out of
his cheese omelet, a sight requiring a year of therapy before Stephen could eat eggs again.
► Adjective = poor. Adjective clause = who just wanted a quick meal.
► Adverb = quickly. Adverb clause = as a tarantula wiggled out of his cheese
omelet.
► Infinitive phrase = to get through his three-hour biology lab.
► Participle phrase = gagging with disgust. Prepositional phrase = on the cafeteria
tray.
► Absolute phrase = a sight requiring a year of therapy before Stephen could eat
eggs again.
Types of modifiers/adjuncts

►Modifiers can play the roles of adjectives or adverbs.

Participle phrases as modifiers
►A participle phrases is a groups of words that function as adjectives to modify nouns.
Participle phrases begin with a present or past participle.

►Participle Phrase Examples:

∙ The boy riding up and down the street is tired.

∙ The underlined participle phrase starts with the present participle “riding”
∙ The participle phrase modifies the noun, boy

∙ The cabinets stuffed to the brim needed to be organized.

∙ The underlined participle phrase starts with the past participle “stuffed”
∙ The participle phrase modifies the noun, cabinets
 Modifier Types: Pre and post modifiers

Modifiers may come either before or after the modified element (the head),
depending on the type of modifier.

1. A modifier placed before the head is called a premodifier; For example, in

land mines, the word land is a premodifier of mines,
2. one placed after the head is called a postmodifier. For example, in the
phrase mines in wartime, the word in wartime is a postmodifier of mines.
.
► It was [a nice house]. (adjective modifying a noun, in a noun phrase)
► [The swiftly flowing waters] carried it away. (adjectival phrase, in this case a
participial phrase, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
► She's [the woman with the hat]. (adjectival phrase, in this case a prepositional phrase,
modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
► I saw [the man whom we met yesterday]. (adjectival clause, in this case a relative clause,
modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
► His desk was in [the faculty office]. (noun adjunct modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
►A head may have a number of modifiers, and these may include both
premodifiers and postmodifiers. For example:
►that nice tall man from Canada whom you met ( both pre & post)
►In this noun phrase, man is the head, nice and tall are premodifiers, and from
Canada and whom you met are postmodifiers.
►Notice that in English, simple adjectives are usually used as premodifiers.
Sometimes placement of the adjective after the noun entails a change of
meaning: compare a responsible person and the person responsible.
► [Put it gently in the drawer]. (adverb in verb phrase)
► He was [very gentle]. (adverb in adjective phrase)
► She set it down [very gently]. (adverb in adverb phrase)
► [Even more] people were there. (adverb modifying a determiner)
► It ran [right up the tree]. (adverb modifying a prepositional phrase)
► [Only the dog] was saved. (adverb modifying a noun phrase)

► In some cases, noun phrases or quantifiers can act as modifiers:

► [A few more] workers are needed. (quantifier modifying a determiner)
► She's [two inches taller than her sister]. (noun phrase modifying an adjective)
7.Linking Verbs
►What are ACTION verbs?
An action verb is a verb that describes an action, like run, jump,
kick, eat, break, cry, smile, or think. 

►What are linking verbs?

A verb which establishes a link between subject and complement is
called linking verb. These are basically ‘be’ and ‘sense’ verb.
► Here are some examples of action verbs in sentences.

Greg is kicking the ball now. The action verb is kicking.  It

The wind blows constantly in
Chicago
He accepted my apology
describes what Greg is doing.  
The action verb is blows.  It
describes what the wind does
The action verb is accepted.  It
describes what 'he' did. 

► Linking verb
► A linking verb is a verb that links (connects) the subject to complement (information about that
subject). Linking verbs do not describe action. These are basically ‘be’ and ‘sense’ verb.  

Ex: Ceila is a shopaholic.

► ‘Is’ isn't something that Ceila can do. Is connects the subject, Ceila, to additional information about
her, that she will soon have a huge credit card bill to pay.
 How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs?

► If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have
a linking verb on your hands.
► If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an
action verb instead. Here are some examples:

►I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and papaya pizza baking in

the oven.
► I am the aroma? No way! Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb, something I am doing.
►The mushroom and papaya pizza smells heavenly.
►The pizza is heavenly? Definitely! Try a slice!

►When my dog Oreo felt the wet grass beneath her paws, she
bolted up the stairs and curled up on the couch.
►Oreo is the wet grass? Of course not! Here, then, felt is an action
verb, something Oreo is doing.
 ALWAYS linking verbs

► Some verbs are ALWAYS linking verbs because they never describe an action. 
► Other verbs can be linking verbs in some sentences and action verbs in other sentences.
► The following three verbs are ALWAYS linking verbs

to be (is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been,  is
being, are being, was being, will have been, etc.)

to become (become, becomes, became, has become, have become,

had become, will become, will have become, etc.)

to seem (seemed, seeming, seems, has seemed, have seemed, had

seemed, is seeming, are seeming, was seeming, were seeming, will
seem)
► Here are some examples of linking verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs in sentences: 

 “The box is red.” 'Is' is a linking verb that connects the subject,
ball, to information about that subject (that it is
red).

 “The children are smart.” 'Are' is a linking verb that connects the subject,
children, to information about that subject (that
they are smart).

“The child will be tall five years from 'Will be' is the linking verb connecting 'child' to the
now.” fact that he will be 'tall five years from now

“The cat seems fine.” 'Seems' links the subject, cat, with information
about the cat (that it is fine).

 “The dog became thin after his 'Became' links the subject, the dog, with
surgery.”  information about him (that he became thin).
both ACTION and LINKING verbs

►There are verbs that can be linking verbs in SOME sentences, but are
action verbs in other sentences.  One way to determine if the verb is
functioning as an action verb or a linking verb is to substitute the word
“is” for the verb in question. If the sentence still makes sense, then it is
probably a linking verb.  If the sentence would not make sense with the
word “is,” then it is probably an action verb in the sentence.
►The following are examples of verbs that can be linking
verbs in some sentences and action verbs in other
sentences:
► look
► smell
► appear 
► prove
► sound
► Feel
► remain
► taste
► Grow
Used as Linking Verbs Explanation
Jane appeared uninjured after the accident.  You could substitute the word 'is,' for the word 'appears,' and
the sentence would still make sense: "Jane is uninjured after
the accident."  This lets you know that appeared is a linking
verb in this sentence.

The cake smells good! This sentence describes the cake.  “Smells” is a linking verb
in this sentence.  It connects the subject, cake, with
information about that subject—it smells good.

The woman grew silent. This sentence may seem confusing.  Remember that the word
“grow” has more than one meaning!  In this sentence, “grew”
means BECAME.  The woman became silent.  
Used as Action Verbs
Before I could leave, Jane
appeared.
Ellen smells the cake.
The gardener grew some flowers.  The word, grew, is not linking two things together here.
Explanation
In this sentence, appeared is not linking anything.  It is
telling the action that Jane did.  She appeared, or
showed up.
The word, smells is not linking anything.  If you replaced
smells with 'is' the sentence would not make sense. 
That means smells must be an action verb in this
sentence.  Ellen performed the action of smelling the
cake.
 
If you tried to replace grew with 'is' the sentence would
not make sense.  This means that grew must be an
action verb.  The gardener performed the action of
growing some flowers.
8.Determiners
►Determiners are words that determine or limit the
meaning of a noun. A word or a group of words that
introduces a noun. Determiners are functional
classes not formal word classes.

►used to modify a noun.

►followed by a noun**
Types of determiners

►Articles
►Demonstratives
►Possessives PRONOUNS

►Quantifiers
►Numbers
 Pronouns – Are they determiners?

►Yes...Possessive pronouns and Demonstrative

►pronouns (this, that, these, those) can be used as
►determiners only when they will be followed by a
►noun, otherwise not.
Articles

► The definite and indefinite articles are all determiners.

► Definite article - the
► Indefinite article - a or an (a is used before a consonant sound; an is used before a
vowel sound.)
► Examples:
► Close the door, please.
► I've got a friend in Canada.
Demonstratives

► There are four demonstrative determiners in English and they are: this, that,
these and those
► Note that demonstrative determiners can also be used as demonstrative pronouns.
When they are used as determiners they are followed by the nouns they modify.
Compare:
► This is my camera. (Demonstrative used as a pronoun, subject of the verb is)
► This camera is mine. (Demonstrative used as a determiner modifying the noun
camera.)
Possessives
► Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their - modify the noun following it
in order to show possession.
► Possessive determiners are different from possessive pronouns - mine, his, hers, yours,
ours, their.
► Possessive pronouns can stand alone and are not followed by nouns.
► Possessive determiners, on the other hand, are followed by nouns.
► Compare:
► This is my house. (my is a possessive determiner. It is followed by the noun house which it
modifies)
Is that car yours? (yours is a possessive pronoun. It is not followed by a noun.)
Quantifiers
►followed by nouns which they modify.
►Examples : some, any, few, little, more, much, many, each, every,
both, all, enough, half, little, whole, less etc.
►commonly used before either countable or uncountable nouns.
►He knows more people than his wife.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing .
With uncountable With countable nouns With both
nouns

Much Many All/enough

A little/a bit A few More/less

A great deal of A number of/several No/not any

A large amount of A majority/great Some/any

number of
A large quantity of A large number of Lot of/plenty of
Numbers

►Cardinal numbers:
One, two, 100
Ex:She owns one umbrella.

►Ordinal numbers:
First, second, last
Ex: That is the second time he has done that.
►Multipliers:
double ,twice, three times
EX: She brought double the amount we need

►Fractions:
Three-fourths, two fifths
Ex: Three-fourth of the population of Morocco consists of young
people.
In the text below, select all determiners

While he was wearying every one with his tears and

complaints, and turning his house into a sink of
debauchery, a faithful servant of the family, Grigory, took
the three-year-old Mitya into his care.

►There are at least six/seven determiners in this sentence.

Other functional elements

►9. Phrases
►10. Clauses
Sentence Types
(Structurally)
Simple Sentence
- Subject + Verb (S+V) : must have at least one subject and one verb.
- composed of a single independent clause & must have a complete thought.
- consists of one or more subjects or one or more verbs.

example:
a. The bird built a nest made of twigs and leaves for its young. (1S, 1V)
b. The actress cried and laughed at the same time. (1S, 2V)
C. Pam and Tony were given awards by the school principal. (2S, 1V)
Complex Sentence
- Independent Clause + Dependent Clause (I+D)
- It contains one independent clause (I) and one or more dependent clauses
(D) joined by a subordinating conjunction.
Example #1
[complex] He went abroad because he wanted to earn money.
[independent] He went abroad
[dependent] because he wanted to earn money.
Example #2
[complex] The school which was built ten years ago was already
renovated when I saw it.
[independent] The school was already renovated
[dependent] which was built the years ago
[dependent] when I saw it
Compound Sentence
-Independent Clause + Independent Clause (I+I)
- For a sentence to be classified as a compound sentence it must
have at least two independent clauses combined by a
coordinating conjunction.
- Two or more simple sentences, when put together, can make up
a compound sentence.
example:
a. She dictated, and I typed. (I+I)
[the coordinating conjunction and joins the two independent
clauses]
b. The meal was expensive, but it was spoiled, so I
threw it.
[the coordinating conjunction but and so join the three
independent clauses.]
Compound Sentence

Coordinating Conj Subordinating Conj

after as though since until
*FANBOYS
although because so that when
►for ►or as before that where
►and ►yet as if even though whenever
though
as long as till wherever
►nor ►so if
as soon as unless while
►but in order
that
Compound Complex Sentences
- Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause (I+I+D)
- This contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Example #1
[compound complex] We can talk about anything, and we will go
anywhere just as long as we are together.
[independent] We can talk about anything
[independent] we will go anywhere
[dependent] just as long as we are together.
Compound Complex Sentences
Example #2
[compound complex] When afternoon comes, most employees chat in the Internet and
write e-mail, but others prefer to eat their snack.
[dependent] When afternoon comes
[independent] most employees chat in the Internet and write e-mail.
[independent] but others prefer to eat their snacks.
Example #3
[compound complex] The school, which was built ten years ago, was vey popular, yet I saw it
torn down.
[independent] The school was very popular
[dependent] which was built ten years ago
[independent] I saw it torn down.
Structural and functional categories ex:
► Gautam lost his job while his wife had won a lottery
Sentence

Subject verb object adverbial

Dependent clause

► Gautam lost his job while his wife had

won a lottery

Main clause subordinate clause