Moving charges and

magnetism

Chapter 5
Biot-Savartz law
•   𝑂

 𝑑 𝐵
⃗

In vector form 𝑟
 ⃗
 𝜃
𝑑𝑙
 

  𝐼
Theorems to find the direction of magnetic field
based on the direction of current flow
Maxwell’s cork screw rule

Right hand grip rule

Comparison between Biot-Savartz law and Coulomb’s
Law
•1.  Both fields obey inverse square law and are long range
2. The magnetic field is produced by a vector source . The electrostatic field is
produced by a scalar source charge
3. Electrostatic field is along the position vector joining the source and the
point in the field. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane
containing the position vector and the current element
4. The principle of superposition can be applied for both fields
5. There is an angle dependence in Biot-Savart law which is not present in the
case of electrostatic field
  to an infinitely long straight conductor carrying current
due
Y
• 
Q

Q 𝑑  ⃗𝑙 R

P
𝜃
  𝜃
But R   𝑟  𝑑 𝜙

𝜙 
𝑑 ⃗𝑙
  N
𝑑  O
𝑖 

X
  to an infinitely long straight conductor carrying current
due
Y
• 
Q

𝑑  ⃗𝑙 R
From ; P
𝜃
  𝑟  𝑑 𝜙

𝜙 
N O
𝑑 
𝑖 

X
  to an infinitely long straight conductor carrying current
due
Y
• 
Q

𝑑  ⃗𝑙 R
For infinitely long conductor and are P
considered as 𝜃
  𝑟  𝑑 𝜙
𝜙 2 𝜙
N  
𝑑  O
𝑖  −𝜙
  1

X
 due to circular loop of current
𝐶
 

 
𝑎

𝑂
 

 
𝑎

 
𝐷
 due to circular loop of current
𝐶
 

 
𝑟  
 
𝑎
𝑑 ⃗𝐵
 
 
𝜙
 
𝑂  
𝑥  
𝑃
 
𝑎 𝑑 ⃗𝐵
 

 
𝑟
 
𝐷
 due to circular loop of current
𝐶
 

 
𝑟

𝑑 ⃗𝐵 cos 𝜙
 
𝑎  
𝜙 𝑑 ⃗𝐵  

 
𝜙  
𝑑 ⃗𝐵 sin 𝜙

 
 
𝑂  
𝑥  
𝑃 𝑑 ⃗𝐵 sin 𝜙
 

𝑑 ⃗𝐵 cos 𝜙
 
𝑎 𝜙
 
𝑑 ⃗𝐵
 
 
𝑟

 
 
𝐷
  due to circular loop of current

𝑑 ⃗𝐵 cos 𝜙
•   
𝜙 𝑑 ⃗𝐵  

Cosine components of the vector cancel each other

whereas the sine components add together
𝑑 ⃗𝐵 sin 𝜙
 

 
effective magnetic field due to a pair of elements
each  
𝑃 𝑑 ⃗𝐵 sin 𝜙
 

𝑑 ⃗𝐵 cos 𝜙
𝜙
 
𝑑 ⃗𝐵
 

 
  due to circular loop of current
•1.  Whole length of a single loop is the perimeter of the loop ()
2. We are considering two elements of length at a time
number of elements is .
magnetic field at due to the whole coil,
  due to circular loop of current
•From
  the POC

From POC
  due to circular loop of current
•If  there are turns of the coil

Along the axis

(a) At the centre

For n turns
  due to circular loop of current
•(b)  At a very large distance from the centre of the loop
, can be neglected

, area of loop

If there are n turns

 due to circular loop of current
 

←
  𝑥 𝑥  →
 due to circular loop of current
Ampere’s Circuital Theorem
• 
Ampere’s circuital theorem states that the line integral of magnetic field around any
closed path in free space is equal to times the total current enclosed by the path

The closed path considered for calculating is called Amperian loop

Applications of Ampere’s
Circuital Theorem
Magnetic field due to a straight conductor
• 
X
 𝐵

 𝑑 ⃗𝑙
 𝑑 P

 𝐼

Y
Magnetic field due to a long solenoid
S  𝐵 =0 R

𝐼
 

P Q
O

•According
  to Ampere’s circuital theorem
Magnetic field due to a long solenoid
S  𝐵 =0 R

𝐼
 

P Q
O

•At  and magnetic field is perpendicular to the sides and the side RS is opposite to the
direction of magnetic field
Magnetic field due to a long solenoid
S  𝐵 =0 R

𝐼
 

P Q
O

• 
For turns per unit length
Magnetic field due to a long solenoid
S  𝐵 =0 R

𝐼
 

P Q
O

• 
Magnetic field due to a toroid
• 

Number of turns per unit length

Magnetic Lorentz force
• 
⃗𝐵
 

Case (1) : when direction of motion of ⃗𝑣

 
particle is perpendicular to the direction of 𝜃
 
magnetic field
Case (2): when direction of motion of
particle is parallel to the direction of
magnetic field

𝑞
 
Fleming’s left hand rule
Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle
finger of the left hand to represent three
mutually perpendicular directions. If the
forefinger points in the direction of the
field and the middle finder points to the
direction of motion of a positively
charged particle, then the thumb points
to the direction of force
Lorentz force
•Lorentz
  force is the sum of electric and magnetic Lorentz forces
Charged particle moving at right angles to the direction of
magnetic field
• 

Time period
 𝑟

 𝐹
⃗ X𝐵
 

𝑣
 ⃗
Charged particle moving at right angles to the direction of
magnetic field
Cyclotron
 Cyclotron

Maximum KE =

Time period

Cyclotron Frequency

This is known as magnetic

resonance frequency.

Oscillator
Charged particle entering at any angle to the direction of magnetic
field
 𝑦
 
 𝑣
Time period
𝑣  sin𝜃
Substitute r in

 𝜃

 𝑥=𝐵
𝑣  cos𝜃
 𝑧
Charged particle entering at any angle to the direction of magnetic
field
 𝑦
 
Pitch
 𝑣

𝑣  sin𝜃

 𝜃

 𝑥=𝐵
𝑣  cos𝜃
 𝑧
Velocity Selector

+¿
 

 𝑞 𝐸
 ⃗
+ 𝐵
X⃗
 
 𝑣

 −
Force on a current carrying conductor kept in magnetic field

⃗𝐵
 

⃗𝑣
 
𝜃
 

𝐹 =𝑖( 𝑙⃗ × ⃗
⃗
 
𝐵)  
𝑖⃗
Force between two parallel straight conductors
 Force  𝑃  𝑄
per unit length at Q due to P

Substitute
 𝐼 1  𝐼 2
Force per unit length at P due to Q
 𝑟
→ Calculate yourself
Definition for one ampere
 If  𝑃  𝑄
and
Calculate F →

Hence Ampere is that constant current  𝐼 1  𝐼 2

which if maintained in two straight
 𝑟
parallel conductors of infinite length
and of negligible cross section, placed
one metre apart in vacuum will
produce between them a force of
Current loop and magnetic dipole moment
 
Torque on a current loop in magnetic field
 , Q R
perp to direction
, , parallel
, perp to direction N S
Torque experienced by the dipole
P S

If there are n turns

Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving electron
 Angular momentum of circular motion

 𝑟
According to Bohr’s theorem
 𝑒
´
+𝑍𝑒
 

Where
This condition is called Bohr
quantisation condition
Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving electron
 Orbiting
electron is a current loop with
magnetic moment , the magnetic
moment  𝑟

 𝑒
´
But +𝑍𝑒
 

Sub/: T in I

Magnetic dipole moment

Sub/: I and A in this eqn

Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving electron
 
Multiply numerator and denominator
with the mass of electron  𝑟

 𝑒
´
This is the magnetic moment of
+𝑍𝑒
 

electron in its orbit

This ratio is known as Gyromagnetic

ration
Moving Coil Galvanometer
 Deflecting couple

→restoring couple per unit twist of the

spring

Restoring couple =
Galvanometer as Voltmeter
 

According to Ohm’s law

Resistance of voltmeter
Galvanometer as Ammeter
 

Resistance of ammeter