PUMP & PIPE

APPURTENANCES

SHAHIRAH HAYATI MOHD SALLEH

FLOW IN PIPES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIPES

MATERIALS
Laminar flow and Turbulence
-The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the geometry, surface roughness,
flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid, among other things
Friction loses

quick review of piping losses, starting with Bernoulli's Equation

The basic approach to all piping systems is to write the Bernoulli equation between
two points, connected by a streamline, where the conditions are known. For
example, between the surface of a reservoir and a pipe outlet.

– The total head at point 0 must match with the total head at point 1, adjusted for
any increase in head due to pumps, losses due to pipe friction and so-called
"minor losses" due to entries, exits, fittings, etc. Pump head developed is
generally a function of the flow through the system, with head rise decreasing
with increasing flow through the pump.
– Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the
flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the
pressure drop caused by friction.
– It has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of
the Reynolds number, but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid
for water
– the Chézy formula relates hydraulic slope S (head loss per unit length) to
the fluid velocity V and hydraulic radius R:

– the mean velocity of water in a pipe with the geometric properties of the
pipe and slope of the energy line:
Typical C factors used in design, which take into account some
increase in roughness as pipe ages are as follows
Pipe roughness
INTRODUCTION

– The different devices required for controlling the flow of water, for preventing
leakage and other purposes in water supply system are called “appurtenances”.
The distribution pipes are provided with various pipe appurtenances or
accessories so as to make the distribution of water easy and effective.
NECESSITY OF WATER SUPPLY
APPURTENANCES

– The main purpose of water supply appurtenances is to make the distribution of

water easy and effective.
– To avoid wastage and leakage of water.
– To change the direction of flow of water in pipe line.
– To make the efficient use of water.
– To control the flow of water in opposite direction in pipe.
– To regulate the flow of water.
REQUIREMENTS OF WATER SUPPLY
APPURTENANCES

– It should be strong.
– It should be durable.
– It should be economical.
– It should have resistance to corrosion.
– It should have resistance to internal pressure of water.
– It should be easy to remove & repair.
– It should not affected by chemicals, acids.
System criteria

– Should provide adequate and reliable water to the customer

- Pressure not less than 20 psi, and
- The water quality
- Reliable means continuous water supply without interruptions.
Piped distribution system

– Basic components – pipes, valves, fire hydrants, service connections and

reservoirs.
– May also have pumping stations.
1. What are the two criteria for a water
distribution system?

2. The pressure in a water distribution

system should never drop below _______
psi.
WATER PUMP
 BASIC ON WATER PUMPING

– Pumping Machinery is used for transfer of water from one place to another and
pumping of water from water source. Pumping is required for
– a) Lifting water from the source (surface or ground) to purification works or the
service reservoir.
– b) Transfer of water from source to distribution system.
– c) Pumping water from sump to elevated/ground surface tanks.
– Pump house (civil works) is constructed for installation of pumping machinery.
– Pump House is designed for life of at least 30 years, while pumping machinery is
designed for at least 15 years lifespan.
 3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
PUMPING MACHINERY
Electric/diesel/solar powered
Pump for lifting of water Panel board
motor
• The function of pump is to • For pumping, 3 phase electric • Panel board consists of circuit
transfer water to higher connection is required. breaker or switch and fuse,
elevation or at higher starter level controls etc for
pressure. Pumps are driven by transmission of electric
electricity or diesel or even supply.
solar power. They are helpful
in pumping water from the
sources, that is from intake to
the treatment plant and from
treatment plant to the
distribution system or service
reservoir.
PIPE APPURTENANCE
 Pipe size
– iron pipe size (IPS) was established to designate the pipe size. The size represented the
approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches.
– pipe size was produced as standard (STD) or standard weight (STD. WT.). The outside
diameter of the pipe was standardized. Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless
designator of pipe size. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size
designation number without an inch symbol.
– Diameter nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator of pipe size in the
Piping classification
Pipe materials

– For used in transmission and distribution systems, pipe materials must have the
following characteristics:-
- Adequate tensile and bending strength to withstand external loads that result
from trench backfill and earth movement.
- High bursting strength to withstand internal water pressures.
- Ability to resist impact loads encountered in transportation, handling and
installation
- A smooth, noncorrosive interior surface for minimum resistance to water flow.
- An exterior unaffected by aggressive soils and groundwater
- That be provided with tight joints and is easy to tap to make connections.
 Materials

Ductile Cast Iron Pipe

• High resistance, high degree of toughness and ductility

• Much better in resisting corrosion than gray cast iron.
• Susceptibility to corrosion from wastewaters containing acids, and from aggressive
soils.
• Will be normally cement lined, bituminous coating or PE lining.

Concrete pipe

• Only as an option for building connections

• Resistant to internal and external corrosion when provided with a
bituminous coating and is not subject to abrasion from grid, sand, or gravel
Mechanical joint
ductile iron pipe Dresser-type
coupling

PVC integral bell

and spigot joint
 Materials
Steel pipe
• Typically steel pipe is used in the construction of large-diameter
water mains

HDPE pipe
•Typically steel pipe is used in the construction of large-diameter
water mains
•Used for water services lines and main lines
Vitrified clay
• Is manufactured from clay and shale products with High resistance to corrosion from acids and alkalies and
resists scouring and erosion well.
• Distinct advantage in serving as industrial waste sewers, or sanitary sewers subject to H2S generation.
• VC pipe is also known for brittleness.
• It can withstand up to 2,000 pounds of pressure, making them ideal for an urban setting.
Vitrified clay lines are also resistant to a vast array of acids and are environmentally friendly. The
lifespan of vitrified clay pipe can be a few centuries under the right conditions.
• if it is left unsupported it cracks quickly over time, In addition to lack of support, extreme stress,
like that found from invading tree roots can also cause the plumbing to break. While it is
resistant to many types of acid, vitrified clay is susceptible to hydrofluoric acid which will
damage it.

Concrete

• Is appropriate for applications requiring large diameter sizes or high strength

characteristics.
• Which type cement to use
• RC pipe is used where high external loadings are anticipated and large diameters or
tight joints are required.
• A disadvantage – lack of corrosion resistance to acids, esp. critical when H2S is
generated is substantial quantities.
Asbestos- cement

• Is made from a mixture of asbestos fibers and portland cement.

• Matches the durability of concrete pipe but weigh less and is manufactured in a
wide variety of strength classifications and laying lengths.
• The lines are resistant to corrosion, and as long as the line remains
unbroken, the asbestos inside is considered inert and safe. It can last
up to 100-years.
• Will deteriorate in a corrosive environment of H2S, acid wastes or agressive soils

Polyvinyl chloride plastics (PVC)

• Is chemically inert to most acidic and alkaline wastes, and is totally resistant to
biological attack.
• PVC is immune to nearly all types of underground corrosion
• Durability, light weight, a high strength to weight ratio, long laying lengths etc
etc.
• Disadvantages include possible chemical instability due to long-term exposure to
sunlight, excessive pipe deflection under trench loadings, brittleness when
exposed to very cold T.
fittings

– Used to connect other appurtenances, and change the direction or size of the
water line.
– Tees, wyes, bends, crosses, adapters, reducers and increasers.
– Made out of cast iron, PVC, HDPE, stainless steel and fibreglass.
What is spigot and socket end in
pipes?
– Spigot and sockets are type of pipe
ends.
– Spigot is the pipe end which is
inserted into socket.
– Spigot and socket are joined with
rubber seals, lubricants etc.
What is flanged end in pipes?
– Pipes have flanged at their ends which
are joined with nuts and bolts.
Click icon to add picture

How are the

supply pipes
lined?
Sewer and water supply pipes.
bedding

– Is a granular material placed in the bottom of a pipe trench to support the pipe.
– Types of bedding include pea grave, sand and select native soil material.
 Thrust block

– A concrete wedge placed between a fitting and the trench wall, used to
transfer the force from the fitting to the trench wall, and thus prevent the
fitting from being pushed away from the pipe.
– Thrust forces are created where it changes direction, size or dead-ends or at
valve and hydrant locations.
– To prevent pipe joints from uncoupling from internal pressure or water
hammer, a thrust block may be used.
VIDEO ON LAYYING PIPING

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gap_IhBIrGI
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47yFvw0lJyw
VALVE
 VALVES

– Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a
system or process. In water works practice, to control the flow of water, to
regulate pressure, to release or to admit air, prevent flow of water in opposite
direction valves are required
– FUNCTIONS OF VALVES
– Stopping and starting flow
– Reduce or increase a flow
– Controlling the direction of flow
– Regulating a flow or process pressure
– Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure
 Valve types

– Types of valves – gate, butterfly, globe, plug, ball, air control, vacuum breakers, check
valve assemblies, and reduced pressure zone backflow prevention assemblies.
– Valves are used to control pressure, control flow, regulate levels in reservoirs, isolate
section of line, release air, prevent vacuum in a distribution line, and prevent backflow
and backsiphonage
– TYPES OF VALVES
1) Sluice valve (stop valve) 5) Zero velocity valve
2) Check valve (reflux valve) 6) Scour valve
3) Air relief valve (float valve) 7) Ball valve
4) Drain valve (blow offs) 8) Fire hydrant
Depending upon different situations and requirements different types of
valves are used in the supply system.
SLUICE VALVE (STOP/GATE VALVE)

– A Gate Valve is usually used to stop flow completely. A Globe Valve is used
to regulate or throttle flow.
– are used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction
– This is generally use to control the flow in a pipe line. When a question of
repair is needed, this valve close the supply of water beyond the valve in the
pipe line.
– This is made of cast iron having a brass or stainless steel mounting at its end
fitted with a pipe. A circular wedge shaped disc attached to the end of a
threaded spindle (stem) passing through a gland. This is connected to a
handle by means of a threaded spindle. This can be used to control or
regulate the flow.
SLUICE VALVE (STOP VALVE)

– These valves are cheaper, offers less

resistance to the flow of water than other
valves. The entire supply system is divided
into blocks by providing these valves at
appropriate places. They are provided in
straight pipeline at 150-200 intervals.
– When two pipe lines intersect, valves are
fixed in both sides of intersection. For long
straight mains, the sluice valves can be
installed at a distance of about 1km also to
divide the pipe in different sections
CHECK VALVE (REFLUX
VALVE)

– Used to prevent water from reversing direction in a line or flowing in two directions.
– This is sometimes called as non-return valves. A reflux valve is an automatic device which
allows water to go one direction only.
– The swing type of reflux valve is widely used practice. When the water moves in the direction
of arrow, the valve swings or rotates around the pivot and is kept in open position due to the
pressure of water. When the flow of water in this direction ceases. The water tries to flow in
a backward direction. But this valve prevents passage of water in the reverse direction.
 TYPES OF CHECK VALVES

2 TYPES OF CHECK VALVES

1. Swing check valve
2. Lift check valve

lift check valve

Swing check valve

Check valves

Swing check
valve
AIR RELIEF VALVE (FLOAT VALVE)

– In longer pipe lines, air accumulates at high points of the line

which interfaces with stream line flow of water. At such points
air valves are provided which remove the accumulated air
automatically. This valve has one or two hollow float chamber.
There are air opening at the top and the valves are connected to
the main as indicated in the figure. Float chamber normally
remains full of water. When air fills it, the water level goes down
and the float falls, thereby openings the air opening at the top
through which air escapes out, after which chamber again fills up
with water and takes the float up which closes the air opening
AIR RELIEF VALVE (FLOAT VALVE)

– An air valve consists of a cast-iron

chamber, float, lever and poppet
valve shown in figure. The
chamber may be circular or
rectangular in
shape. A poppet valve is a valve
that is lifted bodily
DRAIN VALVE (BLOW OFFS)

– These are also called wash out

valves they are provided at all
dead ends and depression of
pipelines to drain out the waste
water. These are ordinary valves
operated by hand.
ZERO VELOCITY VALVE

– Zero velocity valve called as water

hammer arrester. The principle behind
the design of this valve is to arrest the
forward moving water column at zero
momentum i.e. when its velocity is zero
and before any return velocity is
established.
– ADVANTAGES OF ZERO VELOCITY VALVES
1. Controlled closing characteristics.
2. Low loss of head due to streamlined
design.
 SCOUR VALVE

– Scour valves are located at low points or between valved sections of the

pipeline. Their function is to allow periodic flushing of the lines to remove
sediment and to allow the line to be drained for maintenance and repair
work.
– These are similar to blow off valves. They are ordinary valves operated by
hand. It is placed at every depression in a pipe
line. Mud and sludge get collected in the pipes at these depressions which
generally occur when pipes cross valleys,
etc. the valve is essentially mounted on a branch of the main pipe line at the
lowest point. When the valve is worked, it
removes the dirt due to high velocity of water. After the complete removal of
silt, the value is to be closed.
SCOUR VALVES IN DETAILS
 BALL VALVE

– A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a

hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow
through it (either to stop or start flow).
– If the valve is opened, the ball rotates to a point where
the hole through the ball is in line with the valve body
inlet and outlet.
– If the valve is closed, the ball is rotated so that the hole is
perpendicular (pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle)
to the flow openings of the valve body and the flow is
stopped
Butterfly valves

– Has movable closure that rotates on a shaft inside of the valve body.
– Offer some restriction to flow, which increases head loss.
– However, much easier to open and close in large lines than gate valves
Globe valves

– Used to reduce or control pressure in a portion of a system, to throttle or

control flow from a pump, to reduce water hammer at a pump and to control
the level of water in reservoir.

Altitude valve –
automatically opens
and close to maintain
the level of water in a
reservoir Pressure relief valve –
to dampen water
hammer
FIRE HYDRANT

– A hydrant is an outlet provided in

water pipe for tapping water
mainly in case of fire. They are
located at 100 to 150m apart the
roads and also at junction roads.
– They are of two types namely
1. Flush hydrant
2. Post hydrant
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FIRE
HYDRANT

– Should be cheap.
– Easy to connect with hose or
motor pump.
– Easily detachable and reliable.
– It should function properly and
should not go out of order during
operation.
– It should permit undisturbed flow
of water when being fully opened.
VIDEO TYPES OF VALVES

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X14nww4wuAk&t=169s
WATER METER

– To determine the quantity of water

flowing through pipes, water
meters are installed. The readings
obtained from the meters help in
working out the quantity of water
supplied and thus the consumers
can charged accordingly. The water
meters are usually installed to
supply water to houses, industries,
hotels, big institutions, etc.
Metering prevents the wastage of
purified water.
– CLASSIFICATION OF WATER METERS
1. Positive displacement type meters
2. Velocity meters.
– REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD METER
– It should not offer any resistance to the flow of water.
– It should measure the discharge up to 2% accuracy.
– All its parts should be of non-corrosive alloy.
– It can be easily maintained and repaired
– It should be economical.
– It should have screen on its inlet side, to exclude the
clay, silt, grit, etc.
– It should be capable of registering even small quantity
of flow of water.
BIB COCK

– These are the water taps which are

attached at the end of water pipes and
from which the consumers obtain
water. Bib cocks are available of
various patterns. Figure shows typical
bib cock. It is operated from a handle
and when handle is turned, the opening
from which water comes out, gets
increased in size. The bib cocks may
also be of push and they operate
automatically. They open out when a
slight push is given and close down as
soon as the push is removed or
withdrawn.
BIB COCK

– The bib cocks should be water

tight. The leaky bib cocks are
the source of waste of water.
The below table gives an idea
of water lost due to leaky bib
cocks in a continuous system
of water supply. It is therefore
advisable to repair or replace
such leaky bib cocks as early
as possible.
STOP COCK

– These are small sized sluice

valves and they are installed in
service pipes serving the bib
cocks. They operate on the same
principle of sluice valve and they
are used up to sizes of about
50mm. they are placed on water
pipe leading to flushing tanks,
wash basins, water tanks, etc. It
should be of size sufficient to pass
the required discharge through
service pipe.
STOP COCK

– It is provided before the water

meter service line. Stop cock is
housed in a suitable masonry
chamber with a removable cover
and is fixed in the street close to
the boundary wall in an accessible
position. It controls the supply to
the building from the water main.
The purpose of stop cock is to stop
the supply of water. The temporary
disconnections are made at the stop
cock while permanent
disconnections are made at ferrule
 STORAGE TANKS

– Storage tanks may be kept on the roof of the

building or on the ground and should be
water tight. The storage tank should be
placed in such a position so that the
discharge of water can be readily seen.
– The tank should be provided with over flow
pipe and drain pipe near the bottom to clean
the tank. The storage tanks are provided
with outlet pipes to draw the water.
 Manhole

– To facilitate the laying of pipelines and carrying

out repairs and inspections, manholes are
provided at regular intervals along the pipe.
– It is protected by closing or grating in order to
avoid mishaps or accidents.
– Manhole are provided mostly on RCC, steel, or
hume steel pipes that are commonly used for
transmission of water and to some extent, on
cast iron pipes. On large pipelines, the manholes
are provided at an approximate interval of 300-
600 meters
Insulation joints

– Insulating joints function is to insulate the

pipeline against the flow of electric
currents.
– The joint provide cathodic protection and
thus keep electrolysis in check
– Rubber gaskets or rings are provided as
insulators over a specific length of pipe.
– Provide greater resistance to the flow
current and protect the pipeline from
corrosion and thus reduce maintenance
Anchorages

– Prevent the pipe having unbalanced

pressure causes longitudinal shear stress
and exerts an enormous force on the joint.
– Pipe are anchored by embedding such
portions in massive concrete or masonry
blocks to absorb the side thrust.
STORAGE TANKS
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

– Storage tanks are the small tanks installed above the

roof level of the buildings and intended to serve the
requirements of water storage of the buildings. A
storage tank may be constructed of masonry or
reinforced cement concrete when the size is to
be large.
– The storage tank is usually supported on the roof
slab of the building or on separate bearers so as to
distribute the load uniformly. The tank should
be located in an easily accessible position and
should be able to easy inspection and cleaning
TYPES OF WATER TANK
 1. Underground Fiberglass Tanks

– These underground tanks are made of fiberglass, which is a non-corrosive material. They’re highly
versatile, so it’s no surprise they’re used often by many commercial industries.
– Underwater tanks are perfect when saving space is important. They allow for large amounts of
water to be stored while leaving room for buildings or other needs above ground.
– Some uses of underground fiberglass tanks include holding potable water, wastewater, and
stormwater.
2. Carbon Welded Steel Tanks

– Water storage tanks made of carbon welded steel are strong and
durable, but they don’t carry the chance of Lyme leaching that
concrete does.
– This type of tank is versatile, both in construction and in use. Choose
from stainless or galvanized steel tanks. And use them for fire
protection, potable water, wastewater, and more.
– Carbon welded steel tanks come with interior coatings specific to
what you plan to use the tank for. Make sure you get the right coating
before purchasing one of these tanks.
3. Pillow Tanks

– If you need a truly versatile tank, check out pillow tanks. They hold a
lot of water, but you can also take them with you! They may have a
funny name, but they do the job quite nicely.
– There are many benefits to using a pillow tank. These tanks are less
expensive than other types, can hold potable or wastewater, can be
easily set up by one person, and they’re customizable.
– Whatever size of tank you need, a pillow tank could be the right fit for
you. From 500 to 20,000 gallons, you’ll have the water you need,
where you need it.
4. Folding Tanks

– Folding tanks offer another portable water storage option. These

tanks are easy to set up and take down and are great for areas where
it’s difficult to keep water in supply.
– The great thing about these tanks is that they can be easily
transported to almost any type of area. This is because they collapse
down to be much smaller. This makes them helpful on remote farms,
and in firefighting situations.
5. Bolted Steel Tanks

– These tanks aren’t for the faint of heart. They can hold a tremendous
amount of water. While some tanks would never be used to hold
150,000 gallons, that’s where these tanks begin.
– Do you need to store a couple million gallons of water? That’ll be no
problem with these tanks.
– Bolted steel tanks are completely watertight and can be used to store
several different liquids, including water.
6. Polyethylene Tanks

– These “plastic” tanks are perfect for those on a tight budget who don’t
need something huge. Thanks to their smaller sizes, they’re easy to
move.
– Rainwater collection is one common use for this type of tank. 
Home water storage is another.
– Polyethylene tanks come in a dark color. This blocks the sun, so algae
can’t grow.
7. Corrugated Steel Tank

– Corrugated steel tanks offer an option that will last. They’re great
alternatives to concrete if you don’t want to go that route.
– This type of tank comes in just about any size, from a few hundred
gallons to a couple million. And they can be used for just about
anything. They’re often used for potable, fire, waste, irrigation, and
stormwater.
8. Above Ground Fiberglass Storage Tanks

– These tanks fall in the middle range of some of the tanks we’ve
highlighted here. They may not hold millions of gallons, but they do
exactly what they’re needed to do.
– Aboveground fiberglass tanks are for storing caustic water. This
includes waste, potable, and rainwater storage.
– If you need storage for liquids other than water, these tanks work for
that, too.
9. Stainless Steel Water Storage Tanks

– Stainless steel offers yet another versatile option for storing water.
But they’re not just used for water. From winemaking to breweries, to
the dairy and chocolate industries, stainless steel provides a great
storage container.
– On the water end of things, it can be used for whatever your needs
are, including drinking water, thanks to the safety provided by
stainless steel.
 Maintaining a Clean Source of Water

– The quality and cleanliness of water stored in tanks should be monitored regularly. This is particularly important
when stored water is used for human consumption. Several factors will cause stored water to become unsanitary.
One of the main factors is the quality of the source water supplying the tank.
– When the source of water to be stored in tank reservoirs is a private well, the principal focus for maintaining clean
water should be the condition of the well itself. When proper well disinfection and wellhead protection is practiced,
water stored in tanks should remain relatively clean and require disinfection on an as-needed basis only. The
integrity of the tank openings, fittings and other potential points of contamination should also be well maintained.
Routine cleaning of the interior of the tank, at least annually, is advisable. Pressurized spray heads or rotary jet
heads can do an adequate job of tank cleaning if access is restricted. If access is possible, scrubbing the interior
tank walls with mild detergent can produce excellent results.
– Even when water in a tank is renewed through outflow/inflow cycles, contaminants will remain behind to degrade
existing stored quantities. Treatment of stored water using standard household bleach will usually produce good
results following the procedure describe below.
 Determining Volume of Water to be Treated
The first step is to determine the amount of water to be
treated. This can be done using the following formulas.

Example: The volume of water in a six-foot-diameter

vertical cylinder tank where the water stands at eight feet
is:

6 × 6 × 8 × 0.78 × 7.48 = 1,680.31 gallons

For practical purposes, this can be rounded to the nearest
hundred, in this example, 1,700 gallons.
 Maintaining a Clean Source of Water –
cont.
– Chlorine Concentration
– The procedure described is intended to obtain about 1 part per million (ppm) concentration of free chlorine, which is the
concentration commonly prescribed for private (non-public) water systems. This method of sanitizing will allow continual
household use of the treated water. This is not a method of shock chlorine disinfection. Routine cleaning of the tank, as
described above, will help diminish the need for shock chlorination. Shock chlorine disinfection requires concentrations around
200 ppm and may necessitate the treated water to be drained off. The method described here will help prevent the waste of
valuable supplies of stored water due to "super-chlorination."

– Post-Treatment Precautions
– Do not use the treated water for drinking until the smell of chlorine has disappeared. This will take 1 to 2 days depending on
ambient temperature, wind conditions, etc. Volatilization of the chlorine will occur sooner with the tank lids removed. However,
subsequent contamination from rodents, birds, or airborne sources should be considered. Boiling or cooking with chlorinated
water will usually volatilize the chlorine, rendering it tasteless and safe for most people.
– People sensitive or allergic to chlorine should avoid primary contact with the treated water until all the smell has disappeared.
– Some desirable plants may be affected by chlorinated water used for irrigation.
 Maintaining a Clean Source of
Water- cont.
– Sanitizing Procedure
– In a clean quart container about half full of water, put 1 to 1 1/2 fluid ounces (2-3 tablespoons) of a
standard unscented, non-detergent household chlorine bleach (5.25% concentration) for every 500
gallons of water to be treated. Pour the bleach solution directly into the storage tank. Distribute the
bleach solution throughout the tank by stirring or mixing with a clean pole or paddle. Two to three
minutes of thorough mixing should suffice.
– Example solution mix: For 1,700 gallons of water to be treated at the rate of 1 1/4 fl oz/500 gal
1,700 gallons × 1.25 fl oz/500 gal = 4.25 fl oz chlorine bleach
– Close the tank lid and all other openings. Let stand a minimum of eight hours after stirring, before
using. If stirring and mixing the solution in the tank is not possible, let the treatment stand for 24 hours.
– This rate of chlorine for disinfection will provide good results for fresh, relatively clear water. It will not
work as effectively on water that is murky or cloudy and containing abundant suspended solids. Shock
treatment or other practices should be considered for highly turbid water. For recommendations,
contact your county Extension agent.
 STORAGE TANK MAINTENANCE
– Maintenance Tips
• When well disinfection is practiced on a recommended annual schedule, basic
cleaning of the water storage tank should be done on the same schedule. If
water is derived from sources other than a well (rain-harvested or surface
water, etc.), the stored water supply should be sanitized every six months or
more frequently.
• Sediment in a water tank will contribute to build up of microflora and fauna.
Draining and removing sediment build up from a tank will help to keep water
clean and safe.
• A whole house or point of use water filtration system is advisable when using
stored water for domestic purposes. Relatively inexpensive cartridge filters are
commercially available at most hardware and home improvement stores. Dual
(sediment and activated charcoal) filtration devices are more effective.
• Restrict tank access by varmints, birds and other undesirable characters. Keep
tank lids closed at all times and locked if necessary.
– References
– Lauer, William C. (2006). Disinfection of Pipelines and Storage
Facilities Field Guide. Denver, CO: American Water Works
Association
– Division of Environmental Health. Water Storage Tank
Maintenance (Drinking Water Program publication). Fairbanks:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.
– Fogt, Robert (2009, June). Public presentation, notes provided
by New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water
Bureau.
– For information on drinking water well disinfection
procedures see New Mexico Cooperative Extension Guide M-
115, Disinfecting a Domestic Well with Shock Chlorination (
http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_m/m-115.pdf). For additional
information on wellhead protection see NMSU Cooperative
Extension Service publication New Mexico Farm*A*Syst,
Chapter 1, "Improving Drinking Water Well Condition" (
http://aces.nmsu.edu/farmasyst/pdfs/1fact.pdf).
Finished water storage

– Maintain pressure on the system – the elevation determines the pressure

– Provide flow during peak demand
– Provide fire demand
– Provide surge relief
– Level out pumping demand
– Provide or increase detention time – to provide chlorine contact time
Reservoir types

– Four basic types of reservoirs

- Built below ground
- Built at ground level
- Elevated above the ground
- Hydropneumatic tanks (pressurised with air)
describe
This pressure tank is
constructed of steel or fibre
glass. Are pressurised by a
pump or a pump and air
compressor. The tank
commonly contain 1/3 air and
2/3 water.
 Water distribution quality

– Maintaining good water in the distribution system:

1. Maintain a positive pressure of at least 20 psi.
2. Manage the “age” of the water. Maintain a chlorine residual.
3. It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during
firefighting.
4. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply,
during the repair of any section of the system.
5. All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away or above
the sewer lines.
KEEP YOUR WATER MAIN DEAD ENDS IN
THE CLEAR

– Maintaining the water distribution system is critical to ensure customers receive the best water quality. An
important maintenance task is to ensure water movement through the system. Aging infrastructure, poor
quality pipelines and high temperatures are all contributing factors to scale and biofilm building up inside
pipelines. An important maintenance task is to ensure water is thrust through the system at a decent velocity
to clear out stagnant water
– Dead-end mains, typically in cul-de-sacs, at the end of rural streets, or even in a looped line, are known
problem areas for water stagnation, resulting in quality complaints. Residential neighbourhoods under
construction and large underpopulated developments often have slow-moving or stagnant drinking water.
– Water tends to stagnate in dead- end pipes. This leads to a loss of chlorine, a build-up of sediment, and
increased water age. Areas where dead-end mains are located tend to have customer complaints about
taste, odour, and water discoloration.
– Also, nitrification can occur in the pipe, which reduces chlorine residual further, resulting in bacterial growth.
 Automated flushing hydrant

• Flushing of water distribution systems is critical to ensure

customers receive the best water quality.
• Hydro-Guard HG-8 units come with a dechlorinating chamber
that holds a number of tablets. Dechlorination must be turned
on and off manually with a valve, and it can set the amount of
water to pass through
• biggest advantage is the ability to flush trouble spots at regular
intervals without having to allocate resources to flush
manually
Thank you for your
attention
 Quiz

Please click the link in the comment

Books and journals for more info

– https://www.nap.edu/read/11728/chapter/8#231
– https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229597322_Dead-end_flushing_of_
a_distribution_system_Short_and_long-term_effects_on_water_quality
– https://bjwsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/TechSpecsChapter6.pdf