Digital Image Processing 1

(Virtual Exchange)
Rung-Sheng Chen, PhD
Associate Professor
Dep. of Computer Science And Information Engineering
 1. Introduction
 2.Types of digital image processing
 3. About the course
 4. Digital image processing: Syllabus
 5. Digital image processing by Matlab
 6. References
 1. Introduction


 （ 1 ） An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x,y),
where x and y are spatial coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pai
r of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at
that point.
 （ 2 ） When x, y, and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete q
uantities, we call the image a digital image.
 （ 3 ） The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital
images by means of a digital computer.
 （ 4 ） Note that a digital image is composed of a finite number of elem
ents, each of which has a particular location and value. These element
s are referred to as picture elements, image elements, and pixels. Pixel
is the term most widely used to denote the elements of digital image.

（ 5 ） Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not surprising t
hat images play the signal most important role in human perception. Ho
wever, unlike humans, who are limited to the visual band of the electroma
gnetic (EM) spectrum, imaging machines cover almost the entire EM spe
ctrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves. They can operate also on im
ages generated by sources that humans are not accustomed to associati
ng with images. These include ultrasound, electron microscope, and com
puter-generated images. Thus, digital image processing encompasses a
wide and varied field of applications.

 Visible band of EM:380-760 nm



 2.Types of digital image processing

 .
 Three types of computerized processes ：
 low-, mid-, and high-level processing.
（ 1 ） Low-level processes involve primitive operations such as image
processing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpe
ning.
A low-level process is characterized by the fact that both its inputs and
outputs are images.
 （ 2 ） Mid-level processing on images involves tasks such as segmen
tation （ partitioning an image into regions or objects ） , description of
those objects to reduce them to a form suitable for computer processin
g, and classification (recognition) of individual objects.
 A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that its input ge
nerally are images, but its outputs are attributes extracted from those i
mage.

（ 3 ） High-level processing involves “maki
ng sense” of an ensemble of recognized obj
ects, as in image analysis, and, at the far en
d of the continuum, performing the cognitive
functions normally associated with vision .

 3. About the course


 This course will provide the basic concepts and techniques of digital im
age processing which is the preliminary knowledge to get in to the com
puter vision by artificial Intelligence.
 The essence of digital image processing is to use the different properti
es of an image such as gray level, color, co-relations between different
pixels, object placements, and other fine details to extract meaningful i
nformation such as edges, objects, and contours, which are formally ca
lled image features. Through the course, its aim is to implement some
of the algorithms that can help us answer some of these questions. Th
ese features can then be used in different applications such as medicin
e, security, social media services, and self-driving cars.
  
  
 4. Digital image processing
Syllabus


 5. Digital image processing
by Matlab
 Matlab is a high-performance language for t
echnical computing. It integrates computatio
n, visualization, and programming in an eas
y-to-use environment where problems and s
olutions are expressed in familiar mathemati
cal notation.
 Digital image processing
Matlab-Image Processing Toolbox （ IPT ）

 The following example introduces some basic image processing concepts, incl
uding reading and writing images, performing histogram equalization on an ima
ge, and saving the processed image into the designated file. The example brea
ks this process into the following steps:

 Step 1:Read and display an image

 Step 2:Check how the image appears in the workspace
 Step 3:Improving image contrast
 Step 4:Write the image to a disk file

 Before beginning with this example, you should already have installed the Imag
e Processing Toolbox .
 Basic Image Import, Processing, and Export

 (1).Read and Display an Image

 clear, close all;
 I = imread('pout.tif');
 imshow(I);
 Basic Image Import, Processing, and Export

 (2). Check How the Image Appears in the Workspace

 whos I
 Name Size Bytes Class

 I 291x240 69840 uint8

Basic Image Import, Processing, and Export

 (3).Improving Image Contrast

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 figure; 1400

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 imhist(I); 1000

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 I2 = histeq(I);
 figure;
 imshow(I2);
 figure;
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 imhist(I2); 1400

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Basic Image Import, Processing, and Export

 (4). Write the Image to a Disk File


 imwrite (I2, 'G:\virtualexchange\lecture\pout2.pn
g');
 6.References

 (1). “Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C. Gonzalez &
 Richard E. Woods, Prentice- Hall 2002.

 (2). “Digital Image Processing using Matlab”,
 Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, &
 Steven L. Eddins, Gatesmark Publishing 2009
