LECTURE # 1

KINISIOLOGY II
TOPIC:
1. Voluntary movements

2. Involuntary movements

3. Active movements

4. Passive movements
AREAS IN THE BRAIN
LOBES OF BRAIN
 VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS:
 Movement that is not merely the result of a reflex arc is known as voluntary
movement, that may either be conscious or unconscious.
 The planning to execute movement begins in a region of cortex called the primary
cortex, located between the frontal and parietal lobes.
 Signals passes down to a basal ganglia(The basal ganglia are a group of structures
found deep within the cerebral hemisphere) , where the action plans are filtered so
that only some of the cortex signals are amplified and thus sent further down the
nervous system to be translated into motion.
 While the rest have their signals weakened and fail to pass through the basal
ganglia.
 The strong signals are transmitted down through the spinal cord and out to a
peripheral nerve that eventually leads to the desired motor neuron.
 With this motor neuron activation the planned motion is fully executed.
 INVOLUTARY MOVEMENTS:
 Involuntary movement only requires the spinal cord for its processing.
 When some external stimulus is received at one end of spinal cord, the grey matter
nestled within the spinal cord itself interprets the stimulus and then sends a motor
signal out to the appropriate motor neuron in order for the body to react.
 Stimulus can be the pain which causes recoiling of the body from the painful
stimulus or feedback generated by a muscle spindle.
 TYPES OF MOVEMENTS:
Following are the types of movements:
1. Free active
2. Active assisted
3. Active resisted
4. Relaxed passive
5. Forced passive
6. Passive accessory
1. Free Active Movements:
 The movements that is being carried out voluntarily by the patient.
 Require no manual input from therapist.
 Like running, walking, jumping.
 Most commonly prescribed in warm up, cool down before and after vigorous
exercises, pendular arm swing exercises.
2. Active Assisted Movements:
 Movements or exercises carried out by patient with some form of assistance.
 Assistance may be provided by the patient itself as auto assisted exercises.
3. Active Resisted movements:
 Movements that are carried out against resistance.
 Resistance may be provided by pt itself or by therapist or by apparatus.
 PNF is a good example of manual resisted exercises.
 Cycle ergometers, sand bags, dumbbells, and medicine balls is best example of
apparatus related resistance.
 Hydrotherapy can be used for resistance, assistance or support.
4. Relaxed Passive Movements:
 The movements that are being carried out entirely by therapist.
 No pt efforts required.
 For treating paralyzed or unconscious pt of spinal cord injury.
 Passive exercises are used :
I. To maintain ROM when muscle is paralyzed or muscle contraction is
contraindicated.
II. To maintain soft tissue length
III. To promote and maintain circulation.
IV. To reduce edema when combined with elevation.
5. Forced Passive Movements:
 Usually referred as manipulation.
 Entirely done by therapist.
 No pt efforts required.
 may be carried out under general anesthesia.
6. Passive Accessory movements:
 The movements that occur along with joint movements are known as passive
accessory movements.
 Forward and backward gliding of tibia on femur
 Traction
 THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?