Opportunistic Spectrum Acces

s in Cognitive Radio Networks

 (Well known) Motivations for Cognit
ive Radio Networks
Wireless Sensor Network

• Spectrum scarcity.
AP
• More wireless services. Smart House

Public Safety Station tower

• Inefficient static spectrum AP

Smart House

allocation.
Wireless Sensor Network
Cellular tower
WiMAX Base Station

• Existence of a large TV tower Smart House

amount of under-utilized
Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Network
AP

spectrum. Smart Car

• Advantage of flexible and Smart House

Traditional Static Spectrum Allocation

cognitive spectrum
access scheme needed:
cognitive radio.
100MHz 10GHz
Opportunistic Spectrum Access
• Design Objectives: Primary User

 Non-intrusiveness
 Spectral efficiency
 Cost efficiency
House

 Decentralized Secondary User

Radio tower

AP
 Three basic access schemes
PU Xmit Virtual Xmit Sensing Point
SU Xmit Vacation
Overlapping time

PU:

Collision! Success
SU: VX

Collision! Success
SU: KS

Collision! Success
SU: VAC

PU -- primary user (licensee of the channel)

SU -- secondary user (cognitive ratio)
 Problem Formulation
• Assumptions:
 Exponentially distributed idle period
 General primary busy period distribution
 Perfect sensing
 Knowledge of average idle time/busy time

• Constraint Metrics:
 Bounded collision probability
 Bounded overlapping time
max C 2
• Optimization problem:
s .t .
P1c   , or,
P1  
r
Fundamental limits of opportunistic
spectrum access

• Primary channel with exponentially distributed idle peri

od
• Bounded collision probability constraints
• Maximum achievable throughput of a secondary user

C2   
 --- collision probability bound
 --- percentage of idle time (by primary users)
Comparison of VX and VAC
Comparison of VX and KS
 Observations
• VX, VAC and KS schemes have indistinguishabl
e throughput performance, under collision proba
bility constraint;

• The smaller the packet length, the larger the thro

ughput.

• The result can be extended to systems with multi

ple primary users and multiple secondary users
(treat all secondary users as a “super” secondar
y user)
 Fixed length packet wins
• Under the collision probability constraint, the secondary u
ser achieves the maximum throughput when it transmits fi
xed length packets
 Overhead Consideration

• Optimal packet length achieves trade-off

between overhead and collision probability
Relation between two constraint metrics
Multi-band multiple secondary syst
ems
• No synchronization between secondary us
ers and primary users
• No control channel for secondary users
• Collision probability constraint
• Perfect sensing
 Two sensing strategies
Random-Sensing All-Channel-Sensing

Vacation Vacation

Randomly
Sensing All
choose a
channel
Channel to sense

Virtual Y Y
Busy? Virtual All channel
Transmit
Transmit busy
N
N
Transmit a
packet
Randomly
choose an
idle channel

Transmit a
packet
Simulation result for Multi-band co
mpetitive systems
Smart Antenna Technique Applied i
n Cognitive Radio Networks
• Design Objective:
 Maximize the QoS of SUs while protecting PUs
 Design MAC Protocols to take advantages of smart ante
nna technologies
• System Setup:
 One primary Tx (PT), one primary Rx (PR)
 One cognitive Tx (CT) , one cognitive Rx (CR)
 PT and CT transmit simultaneously to PR and CR, respe
ctively
• Performance metric:
 talk-able zone of CR
 System Model

Cognitive Rx
 cp
d cc
 cc
d pc
d cp
Cognitive Tx
Primary Rx
 pp
d pp
 pc

Primary Tx yp  hppsp  hcpsc  np

ys  hccsc  hpcsp  nc

hij  d w v (), i, j  p, c
ij
H
i i
Optimal Beamforming Problem with
Constraints
min max | Gc ( ci ) |
wc  cp    ci  cp  

s.t.
| Gc ( cc ) | 1
| Gc ( cj ) | 1 / 2,  cj  [ cc   ,  cc   ]
G c ( )  w H
c v ( )
v( ) : array manifold

• Can be solved efficiently by convex optimization

method
A Typical Beamforming pattern of a
Secondary TX
Beamforming Pattern of Cognitive Tx
0

-10

-20
|Gs(2i)| in dB

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70
Cognitive Rx Primary Rx
-80
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
2i
 Integration of MAC/PHY design in
Cognitive Radio Networks
• Design Objective:
 Under the collision probability constraint, i
ncrease the capacity of secondary users
 A cross-layer approach
• Channel models
 Rich scattering environment: Rayleigh fading MI
SO channel from CT to CR and PR
 Rayleigh SISO fading channel from PT to PR an
d CR
 Received signal model
• Idea:
– when overlapping happens, primary user can decode i
ts signal as long as the interference power from secon
dary user is very small.
– Transmit beamforming helps in this scenario, since it c
an mitigate the interference to primary users;
• Collision probability:
v1
P1c  P2c  I cp : Interference from CT to PR
l2  v 2
I 0 : Interference threshold
P  P1  Pr[ I cp  I 0 ]
c
1*
c